Basketball sensing apparatus

ABSTRACT

An apparatus including a data acquisition device, a processing unit, a memory and an output device. The data acquisition device obtains at least one attribute of a shot of a basketball towards a basket. The at least one attribute is sensed by at least one sensor carried by the basketball or derived from signal output by the at least one sensor. The memory contains instructions to direct the processing unit to determine whether the shot is a made basket shot or a missed basket shot by comparing the at least one attribute of the shot to one or more predetermined signature characteristics of a made basket, and to present on the output device to a person an output based on the determination of whether the shot is a made basket shot or a missed basket shot, and other information regarding the shot.

The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/071,384 titled SPORT PERFORMANCE SYSTEM WITHBALL SENSING, and filed on Nov. 4, 2013, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/724,668 filed on Nov. 9,2012. The present application also claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. Nos. 61/798,738, 61/788,304, 61/799,851 and61/800,972, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, which are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety. The present invention also claims priorityto U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/891,487 filed on Oct.16, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.The present application is related to co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. Nos. 14/204,709, 14/204,709, 14/204,880, 14/205,002 and 14/205,073filed on the same day herewith, the full disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The game of basketball is growing in popularity throughout the world.The game of basketball may be enjoyed by persons of all ages and maytake many forms. The game of basketball may take the form of anorganized game between organized teams, a pickup game at a local park ora game of horse in one's driveway. Regardless of what form the game ofbasketball takes, to be successful in the game of basketball requiresthe ability to make shots. Developing a proper shooting stroke andshooting touch is typically obtained through hours, weeks, months andyears of practice. Such practice is often tedious and lacks sufficientfeedback to facilitate optimal shooting skill improvement.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example basketball sensing system.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of an example method that may be carried out bythe basketball sensing system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another implementation of thebasketball sensing system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of another implementation of thebasketball sensing system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of it another implementation of thebasketball sensing system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of an example set of shot signatures of the systemof FIGS. 1 and 3-5.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of another example set of shot signatures of thesystem of FIGS. 1 and 3-5.

FIG. 7A is a diagram of an example basketball shot acceleration tracesignature for a missed shot.

FIG. 7B is a diagram of another example basketball shot accelerationtrace signature for a missed shot.

FIG. 7C is a diagram of an example basketball shot acceleration tracesignature for a made shot.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of another example implementation of thebasketball sensing system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an example memory of the system of FIG.8.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of an example calibration method that may becarried out by the system of FIG. 8.

FIG. 11 is a front view of an example portable electronic device of thesystem of FIG. 1 presenting a first display screen.

FIG. 12 is a front view of the portable electronic device of FIG. 11presenting a second display screen.

FIG. 13 is a front view of the portable electronic device of FIG. 11presenting a third display screen.

FIG. 14 is a front view of the portable electronic device of FIG. 11presenting a fourth display screen.

FIG. 15 is a front view of the portable electronic device of FIG. 11presenting a fifth display screen.

FIG. 16 is a front view of the portable electronic device of FIG. 11presenting a sixth display screen.

FIG. 17 is an exploded perspective view of an example basketball.

FIG. 17A is a schematic illustration of an example electronic circuitchip of the basketball of FIG. 17.

FIG. 18 is a fragmentary sectional view of a portion of an examplebasketball of the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 19 is a fragmentary sectional view of a portion of another examplebasketball of the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 20 is a fragmentary sectional view of a portion of another examplebasketball of the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 21 is a sectional view of a portion of another example basketballof the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 22 is a sectional view of a portion of another example basketballof the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 23 is a sectional view of a portion of another example basketballof the system of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example basketball sensing system 20. Basketballsensing system 20 determines whether a shot of a basketball is a madebasket based upon signals received from at least one sensor locatedwithin a basketball. Basketball sensing system 20 allows a player totrack his or her performance, to identify and distinguishcharacteristics of shots that are made versus shots that are missed and,in some implementations, to compare his or her performance with personalgoals or performances of other players. The example shown in FIG. 1 isprimarily directed toward basketballs, and many features are unique tobasketballs. However, other aspects and features of the illustratedexample are applicable to other sports games, such as, for example,American-style footballs, volleyballs, soccer balls, baseballs,softballs, lacrosse balls and rugby balls.

Basketball sensing system 20 comprises basketball 22 and portableelectronic device 24. Basketball 22 carries at least one electronicspackage 26 which comprises at least one sensor 28, a data compressioncomponent 29 and at least one signal transmitter 30. The at least onesensor 28 (referred to as sensor 28) senses various attributes of a shotof a basketball towards a basket 40 having a backboard 42, a rim 44 anda net 46. In one implementation, sensor 28 senses one or more attributesof a shot such as travel or linear acceleration, spin axis, spin rate,launch velocity, launch direction, launch angle, launch coordinates,backboard vibration, rim vibration and the like. Vibration can be sensedthrough accelerometers and/or gyrometers whereinaccelerations/decelerations, direction changes, or direction changesassociated with the rim, backboard, net or lack thereof can be sensed.In one implementation, sensor 28 senses, and signal transmitter 30outputs, values for attributes of a shot over time, indicating how theattribute is changing over time as a shot progresses through itslifecycle from the initial launch to interaction with one or more ofbackboard 42, rim 44 and net 46, or if the shot is an “airball”, thelack of interaction with the backboard 42, rim 44 and net 46. Forpurposes of this disclosure, the term “raw sensed data” or “raw sensedmotion data” means data signals or data values directly generated bysensor 28 with respect to motion of basketball 22, the positioning ofbasketball 22 or impact/vibrations experienced by basketball 22. Theterms “raw sensed data” and “raw sensed motion data” encompass bothcompressed and uncompressed data values. The term “attribute of a shot”encompasses both raw sensed data and data or characteristics that havebeen derived from the raw sensed data. In one implementation, sensor 28comprises accelerometers to detect motion such as acceleration andvelocity. In one implementation, sensor 28 additionally or alternativelycomprises gyrometers to sense spin axis and spin rate. Oneimplementation, sensor 28 additionally or alternatively comprises amagnetometer, a GPS sensor or other device to facilitate positiondetection or change of direction of basketball 22. In yet otherimplementations, sensor 28 may comprise other sensing technologies.

Data compression component 29 comprises a device carried by basketball22 for compression of data representing the sensed attributes of theshot. As a result, signal transmitter 30 more quickly and efficientlytransmits larger amounts of data regarding attributes of the shot. Inother implementations, data compression component 29 may be omitted.

Signal transmitter 30 transmits or outputs the sensed attributes of theshot to portable electronic device 24. Signal transmitter 30 comprisesone or more devices to externally communicate the motion information ormotion data sensed by sensor 28. In one implementation, signaltransmitter 30 comprises a device to wirelessly transmit signalsrepresenting the sensed motion information. For example, in oneimplementation, signal transmitter 30 comprises a Bluetooth device. Inanother implementation, signal transmitter 30 comprises a Wi-Fi or otherradiofrequency transmitter. In another implementation, signaltransmitter 30 comprises an active read/write RFID tag which is writtenupon with data sensed by sensor 28, wherein signal transmitter 30actively transmits signals from the tag. In yet another implementation,signal transmitter 30 comprises a passive read/write RFID tag which iswritten upon with data sent by sensor 28, wherein signal transmitter 30is passively read by an external radiofrequency device reader. Inanother implementation, signal transmitter 30 comprises an infrared orother optical communication device. In yet other implementations, signaltransmitter 30 may comprise other devices that communicate the sensedmotion data to recipients external to basketball 22 in a wirelessfashion.

In one implementation, electronics 26 carries out at least some datamodifications and/or analysis prior to the data being externallytransmitted to the portable electronic device. For example, electronics26 may carry out some analysis or data derivations on the raw sensedmotion information or on derived results of the raw sensed motioninformation prior to transmitting the modified, derived and/orcompressed data to the portable electronic device before. For example,in some implementations, electronics 26 may itself analyze the rawsensed motion data to determine whether a particular shot was a madeshot or a missed shot, wherein this determination is transmitted toportable electronic device 24 for tracking and further analysis. Inother implementations, electronics 26 may transmit, in real time, rawsignal data or raw sensed data directly from sensor 28 to the portableelectronic device, wherein the portable electronic device performsanalysis or further data derivation using the raw sensed motion data. Insuch an implementation, because the processing power is more greatlyprovided by the portable electronic device 24, rather than electronics26 of basketball 22, the cost of basketball 22 may be kept low.

As will be described hereafter with respect to other figures, in someimplementations, signal transmitter 30 may additionally or alternativelycommunicate the make/miss determinations or historical data in otherfashions. For example, in one implementation, signal transmitter 30comprises a plug-in or port by which the sensed motion data may becommunicated externally from basketball 22 in a wired fashion. Inanother implementation, signal transmitter 30 may additionally oralternatively include one or more output mechanisms carried bybasketball 22 for visually and/or audibly communicating information to aperson. For example, in one implementation, signal transmitter 30comprises a visual display, such as a digital or light emitting diode(LED) display visibly presenting sensed motion information and make/missdeterminations. In another implementation, signal transmitter 30comprises a speaker for producing audible signals communicating thesensed motion information and make/miss determinations. In yet anotherimplementation, signal transmitter 30 comprises a light emitter thatemits light that is visible on basketball 22, wherein the light beingemitted changes in response to or based upon the sensed motioninformation or make/miss determinations.

Portable electronic device 24 comprises a device configured to receivesignals output from signal transmitter 30 of sensor 26 of basketball 22and to visibly present information based upon a determination of whetherone or more basketball shots were made shots or missed shots. Examplesof portable electronic device 24 include, but are not limited to, asmart phone, a flash memory reader (IPOD), a cell phone, a personal dataassistant, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, an electronic wristband, eyewear with display capabilities, a wrist-top computer, a netbookcomputer and the like. In one implementation, portable electronic device24 may be configured similar to or provided as part of eyewear such asglasses with the display, a wristwatch, wrist-top computer, orwristband, permitting a player or user to view his or her track results(or the results of a competitor in some implementations) while on thebasketball court in real time. In yet another implementation, portableelectronic device 24 may be configured similar to or provided as part ofa pair of glasses or other eyewear, permitting a player or user to viewhis or her track results (or the results of a competitor in someimplementations) while on the basketball court in real time.

As schematically shown in FIG. 1, in one implementation, portableelectronic device 24 comprises data acquisition device 41, output 44,processing unit 48 and memory 52. Data acquisition device 41 comprises adevice to obtain at least one attribute of a shot of the basketballtowards basket 40, wherein the at least one attribute is sensed bysensor 28 or derived from signal output by sensor 28. In oneimplementation, data acquisition device 41 obtains raw sensed datadirectly from signal transmitter 30 of electronics 26 of basketball 22.In another implementation, data acquisition device 41 obtainsinformation derived from raw sensed data from electronics 26. In theexample illustrated, data acquisition device 41 cooperate with signaltransmitter 30 directly receive attributes of a shot from electronics26. In another implementation, signal transmitter 30 of electronics 26may transmit sensed attributes of a shot to an intermediary, such as toa cloud server or other server on a network, wherein data acquisitiondevice 41 obtains at least one attribute of a shot of basketball 22 fromthe intermediary.

As shown by FIG. 1, in the example illustrated, data acquisition device41 obtains various attributes of a shot directly or indirectly fromelectronics 26 of basketball 22. Examples of such attributes of a shotcomprise shot launch information such as the launch coordinates LCOOR,launch direction LD and launch angle LA. Launch coordinates refers tothe location with respect to basket 40 from which a basketball shot islaunched. Launch coordinates includes both the linear distance from ashot launch position to basket 40 and the relative angular positioning(directly in front of basket 40 such as at the free-throw line or at avarious angular positions on an arc about basket 40) of the shot launchwith respect to basket 40. Although distance D is measured from a centerpoint of rim 44 projected onto the floor court, in otherimplementations, other endpoints or reference points may be utilized.

The launch coordinates LCOOR is based upon a predetermined orpre-calibrated coordinate system defining the position of basket 40. Inone implementation, the coordinate system is established using portableelectronic device 24. In another implementation, the coordinate systemis pre-established by other electronic devices and retrieved fromstorage either locally or remotely. In one implementation, portableelectronic device 24 provides a person with the option to select whichof various modes or methods may be utilized to establish a locationalgrid or coordinate system for subsequently identifying, using one ormore sensors 28 of basketball 22, where a shot is launched from withrespect to basket 40. In other implementations, the user may be providedwith one or less than all of the below described methods forestablishing a coordinate system.

According to one selectable mode of operation, the coordinate system isestablished by employing a magnetometer (one of sensors 28) inbasketball 22. In such an implementation, the user is prompted tocalibrate and establish a baseline for an earth compass direction of thebasketball goal or basket 40. In particular, the user is provided withan output 44 by processor 48 following instructions in memory 52 or isotherwise instructed to shoot, roll or pass the ball in a directionperpendicular to the goal from a known location, such as the basketballfree-throw line. Alternatively, this direction may also be obtained fromany other known points on the basketball reference court with properinput values as to where this location is in terms of the basketlocation. The magnetometer (sensor 28), using the earth compass,determines and utilizes this known line of shot as a reference toestablish a coordinate system for later use in identifying launchcoordinates for a shot. The coordinate system or the known line of shotis stored in memory 52 or a remote memory such that no furthercalibration is needed the next shooting session.

According to another selectable mode of operation, the basket coordinatesystem is established using an RSS timestamp between sensor 28 inbasketball 22 and a remote computing device located at a known apredetermined location relative to basket 40 or rim 44. Oneimplementation, the remote computing device may be located at the cornerof a basketball court, the free-throw line or other known location. Inone implementation, such remote computing devices may comprise aportable electronic device such as a cell phone, a smart phone, alaptop, a tablet, an electronic wristband, a wrist-top computer and thelike. Using an RSS timestamp between sensor 28 and computing device,trigonometry is employed to determine the current position of thebasketball and to establish a court system for basket 40 and the playingsurface. The establish coordinate system is stored for subsequent use toidentify launch coordinates.

According to another selectable mode of operation, the basket coordinatesystem is established using signals from a global positioning system orGPS technology. In particular, signals from a GPS system that wasacquired through a GPS sensor (one of sensors 28) within basketball 22at a known location with respect to basket 40 are used to establish acoordinate system for basket 40 and the playing surface for subsequentuse in identifying launch coordinates.

According to another selectable mode of operation, the basket coordinatesystem is established using a localized positioning system utilizingantennas located on or near the basketball court at one or more knownlocations with respect to basket 40. During calibration, that antennascommunicate with sensors 28 and employ trigonometry to determine thecurrent location of the basketball 22 and establish a coordinate systemfor hoop or rim 44 and the playing surface for subsequent use inidentifying launch coordinates. In one implementation, such antennas maybe provided by a portable electronic device such as a cell phone, asmart phone, a laptop, a tablet, an electronic wristband, a wrist-topcomputer and the like.

According to yet another selectable mode of operation, the basketcoordinate system is established using a localized magnetic field in thecourt and a known location of the basketball 22 utilizing sensor 28 inbasketball 22 to determine a current location of the basketball withrespect to basket 40 to establish a coordinate system of hoop or rim 44and the playing surface.

In each of the above described modes of operation where sensors 28 ofbasketball 22 are used in the establishment of a coordinate system,corresponding sensors of a portable electronic device, such as portableelectronic device 24, may alternatively be utilized in place of thesensors 28. For example, in one implementation, instead of locatingbasketball 22 at a known location with respect to basket 40 and usingthe above-described RSS timestamp triangulation or the above-describedantenna triangulation, corresponding sensors of a portable electronicdevice may alternatively be located at the known location, wherein theestablished coordinate system is subsequently transmitted from theportable electronic device to basketball 22, where it is stored forsubsequent use when transmitting launch coordinates.

Launch direction LD refers to the horizontal angular direction of abasketball shot. Launch angle LA refers to the inclination or verticalangular direction of the basketball shot.

Such attributes of a shot further comprise flight or motion informationof basketball 22. Examples of such attributes comprise acceleration overtime A(t), velocity over time V(t), spin axis SA, spin rate SR and thegeneral path of basketball 22 such as its maximum height or peak P.Acceleration over time and velocity over time are determined fromsignals from accelerometers of sensor 28. Spin axis and spin rate ofbasketball 22 are driven from signals from one or more gyrometers ofsensor 28 which detect the spin S(t) of basketball 22 over time. Each ofacceleration over time, velocity over time, spin axis and spin rate aresensed and output as a function of time throughout the life of a shotfrom launch through a make or miss determination. In otherimplementations, one or more of acceleration over time, velocity overtime, spin axis and spin rate are merely sensed or detected at launch ofa shot or at another point in time of a shot, wherein the attributes ofthe shot at other times during the shot are estimated from the one ormore sensed attributes or values. In one implementation, each of suchattributes is defined along three coordinates X, Y and Z coordinates.

Such attributes of a shot may further comprise impact information withrespect to basketball 22. Examples of such impact information comprisevibration VBB of basketball 22 as it impacts backboard 42 and one ormore vibrations VR of basketball 22 as it impacts rim 44. Such impactsmay be detected by pressure sensor wherein pressure variations ordifferential pressure over time can be monitored, or may be detected bysignals from accelerometers and/or gyrometers of sensor 28.

Output 44 comprises one or more devices to present information to aperson. Such information can be based on the determination of whether ashot is a made basket, or based upon the determination of which ofmultiple shots are made baskets or missed baskets. In oneimplementation, output 44 comprises a display screen. In otherimplementations, output 44 may additionally or alternatively comprise aspeaker. In the example illustrated, output 44 is part of portableelectronic device 24. In other implementations, output 44 mayalternatively be provided on a more stationary computing device, such asa desktop computer or monitor, or may be incorporated into basketball22.

Processing unit 48 comprises one or more processors configured to carryout operations in accordance with instructions contained in memory 52.For purposes of this application, the term “processing unit” shall meana presently developed or future developed processing unit that executessequences of instructions contained in a memory. Execution of thesequences of instructions causes the processing unit to perform stepssuch as generating control signals. The instructions may be loaded in arandom access memory (RAM) for execution by the processing unit from aread only memory (ROM), a mass storage device, or some other persistentstorage. In other embodiments, hard wired circuitry may be used in placeof or in combination with software instructions to implement thefunctions described. For example, in some implementations, at leastportions of processing unit 48 and memory 52 may be embodied as part ofone or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Unlessotherwise specifically noted, operations described as being carried outby processor 48 and memory 52 are not limited to any specificcombination of hardware circuitry and software, nor to any particularsource for the instructions executed by the processing unit.

Memory 52 comprises a non-transient computer-readable medium orpersistent storage device. In the example illustrated, memory 52 storessoftware, code or computer-readable instructions for directing processor48 to carry out one or more operations utilizing the one or moreattributes of a shot obtained by data acquisition device 41. Theinstructions in memory 52 further direct processor 48 in thepresentation of make/miss results and/or analysis (statistical analysisand recommendations) on output 44. In the example illustrated, memory 52further stores the results as well as various settings, data tables andthresholds employed in the acquisition of shot attributes, the analysisof shot attributes and the output of results.

In operation, instructions in memory 52 direct a processing unit 48 tocarry out method 100 shown in FIG. 2. As indicated by block or step 102in FIG. 2, processor 48 obtains one or more attributes of a basketballshot using data acquisition device 41. Such attributes are sensed bysensor 28 or derived from output of sensor 28.

As indicated by block or step 104, processor 48 determines whether aparticular shot is a made basket or a missed basket by comparing the atleast one attribute of the shot to one or more predetermined signaturecharacteristics of a made basket. Such predetermined signaturecharacteristics are stored in a storage portion of memory 52. In otherimplementations, processor 48 may acquire such predetermined signaturecharacteristics from a remote source such as a cloud server or otherserver on a local area network or wide area network (Internet). In oneimplementation, the predetermined signature characteristics comprisesignature characteristics of a made basket. Processor 48 searchesthrough the various signature characteristics of a made basket todetermine if the sensed at least one attribute of the shot match or fallwithin a predefined proximity range of any of the predeterminedsignature characteristics to qualify as a made basket. In other words,processor 48 determines whether the sensed attributes of a shot havecollective characteristics or form a collective pattern of values thatsufficiently matches corresponding collective characteristics orcorresponding patterns of previously made shots to determine whether theshot being analyzed is a made basket or a missed basket.

In one implementation, processor 48 determines whether a particular shotis a made basket or a missed basket based upon a predetermined portionof a basketball shot. For example, in one implementation, processor 48determines whether a particular shot is a made basket or a missed basketby looking for shot attributes indicating a particular type ofinteraction of basketball 22 with net 46. In particular, as basketball22 fall through net 46, the net 46 may exert resistance R against thegravitational acceleration or falling of basketball 22. This resistanceR impacts the acceleration values of ball 22. In response to receivingacceleration values indicating that ball 22 is likely encountering thesignature resistance R that occurs only when basketball 22 is fallingthrough net 46, processor 48 may determine whether a particular shot isa made basket are missed basket. Because this determination is madebased upon attributes that occur at the end of a shot, after a ball 22has passed through or is in the process of passing through rim 44, otherprior attributes, such as the launch acceleration, launch coordinates,impact with backboard 42 or impact with rim 44 are extraneous and may bedisregarded. As a result, processing unit 48 may determine whether ashot is a made basket utilizing fewer shot attributes and shotattributes obtained over a shorter period of time, reducing signaltransmission burden of signal transmitter 30. Because the make/missdetermination is achieved using less data, processing demands placedupon processor 48 are also reduced.

In other implementations, additional or alternative sensed shotattributes may be utilized by processor 48 to determine whether aparticular shot is a made basket or a missed basket. For example, thepredetermined signature characteristics of a made basket may indicatethat a shot is a made basket if the shot from a particular launchcoordinate has a particular set or combination of attributes (eitherstatic or over time). For example, a shot from a particular launchcoordinate may be deemed a made basket if the shot has, in combination,a particular launch direction, launch angle, and accelerationcharacteristics. A shot from a particular launch coordinate may bedeemed a made basket if the sensed shot attributes indicate a particularshot peak in combination with a particular interaction VBB withbackboard 42 and/or a particular interaction VR with rim 44 whilebasketball 22 has a particular spin rate SR about a particular spin axisSA. In one implementation, the predetermined signature characteristicsof a made basket may comprise a table of multiple combinations ofdifferent shot attributes/values that equate to a made basket. Inanother implementation, the predetermined signature characteristics ofthe made basket may comprise a combination of different ranges for eachof different sensed shot attributes that equate to a made basket. Theuse of multiple sensed shot attributes from different times during ashot may enhance shot determination accuracy of processor 48.

As indicated by step 106 in FIG. 2, processing unit 48 generates signalsdirecting output 44 to present to a person information based on thedetermination of whether the shot is a made basket. Such information mayindicate whether the particular shot is a made basket or missed basket.Such information may comprise an update of historical data. For example,such information may comprise a percentage of shot attempts that resultin a made basket. This percentage may be an overall percentage or may bemake percentages for each of different locations on the basketballcourt.

In one implementation, processor 48 may further present informationregarding sensed attributes of the shot that resulted in the madebasket. For example, processor 48 may provide an output indicating thatwhen a player imparted a certain spin rate or a spin rate within acertain range of spin rates about a particular axis or range of axes,from a particular distance or range of distances, the shot resulted in amade basket x percent of the time. Processor 48 may provide similaroutput with respect to other attributes such as launch angle and launchdirection. By providing such additional information, system 20 providesan indication to the player person as to how he or she may improve hisor her shot accuracy, such as increasing or decreasing the spin that theplayer imparts to basketball 22, adjusting the spin axis and/oradjusting the launch angle and/or imparted force/acceleration to adjustthe peak or arc of basketball 22. In some implementations, processor 48analyzes the make/miss results and the corresponding sensed shotattributes over time to provide the player with specific training orshooting adjustment recommendations on output 44. For example, processor48 may provide text, graphics or animations on output 44 instructing theplayer as how to change his or her shooting habits or style to achievegreater shooting accuracy from a particular range.

FIGS. 3-5 schematically illustrate other examples of portable electronicdevice 24 and basketball sensing system 20. FIG. 3 schematicallyillustrates portable electronic device 124, a specific example ofportable electronic device 24 to be used with basketball 22. Portableelectronic device 124 is similar to portable electronic device 24 exceptthat portable electronic device 124 is specifically illustrated ascomprising ball transceiver 140 in lieu of data acquisition device 41and memory 152 in lieu of memory 52. Those remaining components ofportable electronic device 124 which correspond to components ofportable electronic device 24 are numbered similarly.

Ball transceiver 140 comprises a device to receive signals from signaltransducer 30 of electronics 26. In one implementation, ball transceiver140 further transmits signals to ball 22. In one implementation, balltransceiver 140 communicates with signal transmitter 30 of electronics26 in a wireless fashion such as through radio frequency signals,optical or infrared signals and the like. In one implementation, balltransceiver 140 receives signals from basketball 22 during entire cycleof the basketball shot. In another implementation, ball transceiver 140receives signals from basketball 22 during selected portions of thecycle of the basketball shot. For example, signal transmitter 30 may beactivated and may start transmitting sensed shot attributes in responseto sensor 28 sensing a shot attribute having a particularcharacteristic, triggering the output of shot attributes by signaltransmitter 30. In such a manner, battery power of basketball 22 isconserved and processing loads placed upon processor 48 are reduced.

Memory 152 is similar to memory 52, but is specifically illustrated ascomprising made shot signatures 160, shot determination module 162,results storage 164 and output module 166. Made shot signatures 160comprises a storage portion of memory 152 containing predeterminedsignature characteristics of a made basket. In one implementation, madeshot signatures 160 may additionally or alternatively comprise signaturecharacteristics of missed basketball attempts, conversely facilitatingthe identification of made baskets if signals from a shot do notofficially match the signatures of missed basketball attempts. Made shotsignatures 160 may be uploaded or imported from a remote source or, inother implementations, may be created using signals from basketball 22itself. As will be described hereafter, in some implementations, madeshot signatures 160 may comprise uploaded or imported signatures createdduring previous testing with other basketballs and on other basketballcourts with other baskets 40, wherein shot signatures 160 are calibratedand adjusted to accommodate unique characteristics of a particularbasket 40 and possibly a particular basketball 22 or a particular type,quality or brand of basketball.

Shot determination module 162 comprises that code or software in memory152 which directs processor 48 in the determination of whether aparticular shot is a made basket or a missed basket. Determinationmodule 162 directs processor 48 in the comparison of the at least onesensed attribute of a shot with shot signatures 160.

Results storage 164 comprises a storage portion of memory 152 forstoring determinations of whether individual shots are made baskets ormissed baskets. Results storage 164 may further store one or more of theat least one attributes associated with those shots that are made (orthose shots that are missed) for subsequent shot analysis. Becauseresults storage 164 is locally stored in memory 152, review and analysisof shot results may be achieved without network connection capability.

Output module 166 comprises code or software contained in memory 152 forinstructing processor 48 in the output of results on output 44. As notedabove, in one implementation, output module 166 directs processor 48 topresent updated historical data regarding overall shot percentages,individual shot percentages from different locations on the basketballcourt or floor and instruction for improving shot accuracy. In otherimplementations, output module 166 makes different output based upon oneor more determinations of whether one or more shots are made baskets.

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates portable electronic device 224, anotherexample implementation of portable electronic device 24. FIG. 4illustrates portable electronic device 224 use as part of a basketballsensing system 220 which utilizes basketball 22 (shown and describedabove with respect to system 20) and remote facilitators: made shotsignatures 260 and results storage 264. Portable electronic device 224is similar to portable electronic device 124 except that portableelectronic device 224 omits made shot signatures 160 from memory 152 andadditionally comprises network transceiver 168. Those remainingcomponents of portable electronic device 224 which correspond tocomponents of portable electronic device 124 are numbered similarly.

Network transceiver 268 comprises a device to communicate across a localarea network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet. Inone implementation, network transceiver 268 facilitates indirectcommunication with ball 22 via an intermediary, such as an intermediateserver or cloud that communicates with both ball 22 and portableelectronic device 224. In one implementation, network transceiver 268further facilitates the acquisition of data from remote data sources byportable electronic device 224 and facilitates the transmission ofsensed shot attributes and/or make/miss results to other remotelocations across a LAN or WAN. In the example illustrated, networktransceiver 268 facilitates remote storage of made shot signatures 260and make/miss results 264, reducing memory consumption of portableelectronic device 224.

Made shot signatures 260 are similar to made shot signatures 160 exceptthat made shot signatures 260 are remotely stored with respect toportable electronic device 224. In one implementation, made shotsignatures 260 are remotely stored on a network server or cloud serverwhich is accessible by multiple different users having differentportable electronic devices. As a result, made shot signatures 260facilitate use of a general set of made shot signatures by multipledifferent users at multiple different locations, wherein the shared madeshot signatures 260 may be more frequently and economically adjusted orupdated for a large number of users.

In one implementation, made shot signatures 260 may comprise multiplesets, with different sets being dedicated to different basketball courtenvironments. For example, made shot signatures 260 may comprise a firstset of signatures for an indoor basketball court and a second set ofsignatures for an outdoor basketball court. Made shot signatures 260 maycomprise a first set of signatures for a leather or synthetic leatherbasketball and a second set of signatures for a lower cost rubberexterior basketball. Made shot signatures 260 may comprise differentsets of signatures for different inflation levels of the basketballbeing used or for different types of back boards 42, rims 44 or nets 46being used. In such implementations, the player at a particularbasketball court may input inflation level of the basketball, thecharacteristics of basket 40 or the environment (indoor court, outdoorcourt, temperature, humidity and/or wind conditions), wherein processor48 will consult the most appropriate set of made shot signatures basedon the user input. In other implementations, basketball 22 may include asensor to detect an inflation level of the basketball or may includeother sensors to detect other environmental attributes, wherein suchenvironmental or inflation factors are transmitted to portableelectronic device 224, allowing processing unit 48 to select the mostappropriate set of made shot signatures for use in determining whether ashot is a made basket. In some implementations, portable electronicdevice 224 may itself sense or detect certain environmental conditions(wind, temperature, humidity etc.) or may retrieve such environmentalconditions from a remote network source given user input of thebasketball court location or a detected location of the basketball court(such as through GPS). In some implementations, network transceiver 224may be omitted.

Results storage 264 is similar to results storage 164 except the resultsstorage 264 is remote from portable electronic device 224. In oneimplementation, results storage 264 is accessible through a networkconnection. As a result, results storage 264 enables other persons, suchas coaches are trainers, to access shooting results across a wide areanetwork. In some implementations, access may be provided toorganizations offering rewards or incentives for shot performance or forimprovement or practice frequency. For example, in one implementation, ahealth insurance provider is provided access to results storage 264,wherein the health insurance provider provides rewards or incentivesbased upon exercise frequency reflected in the data of results storage264. In another implementation, other users are also provided withaccess to results storage 264 across a network, allowing remotecompetitions or challenges.

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates portable electronic device 324, anotherexample implementation of portable electronic device 24. Portableelectronic device 324 is illustrated as being utilizes part of abasketball sensing system 320 which utilizes basketball 22 (describedabove with respect to system 20) and remote facilitators: made shotsignatures 260, results storage 264, processing unit 348 and shotdetermination module 362. Those components of basketball sensing system320 which correspond to components of basket sensing system 220 arenumbered similarly.

Portable electronic device 324 is similar to portable electronic device224 except that portable electronic device 324 omits shot determinationmodule 362. Instead, the determination of whether a particularbasketball shot is a made basket or a missed basket is made by aremotely located processing unit 348 following instructions provided byremotely located shot determination module 362. Shot determinationmodule 362 is similar to shot determination module 162 except that shotdetermination module 362 is located remote with respect to portableelectronic device 324. In one implementation, shot determination module362 and the associated processing unit 348 are located on a remotelylocated network server or cloud server. Because shot determinations aremade remote from portable electronic device 324 and merely transmittedto portable electronic device 3244 storage on result storage 164 and fordisplay on output 44, processing demands placed on portable electronicdevice 324 are reduced. In other implementations, portable electronicdevice 324 may additionally include shot determination module 162,wherein a user may select whether shot determinations are made locallyby portable electronic device 324 (potentially faster response times,but greater consumption of memory and processing power locally onportable electronic device 324) or shot determinations are made remotelyby shot determination module 362 and processor 348.

FIG. 6 illustrates made shot signatures 460, one example of made shotsignature 160, 260, for use in determining whether a particularbasketball shot is a made basket or a missed basket. In the exampleillustrated, made shot signatures 460 comprises a lookup table ofpredetermined signature characteristics of a made basket. Made shotsignatures 460 comprise a table of shot attributes for each of multipleshots (0-n) which were made baskets. In the example illustrated, foreach made shot, signatures 460 lists values for acceleration over timeA(t), and shot peak P. In the example illustrated, signature 460 listsraw sensed data for sensed acceleration of basketball 22 in each of thethree axes X, Y and Z is a function of time. In other implementations,signatures 460 may identify acceleration over time in other formats orderivations of raw sensed data. The attribute indicating the peak heightof basketball 22 during a shot assist in distinguishing a pass from ashot. For example, if the sensed attributes of an expected shot indicatethe shot having a peak lower than a height of rim 44, the shot is likelynot a shot, but is a pass. In the example illustrated, signatures 460may omit peak P attribute, wherein the detected or determined peak of abasketball shot is first compared to the height of rim 44 by processor48, 348 prior to consulting signatures 460. If the detected peak of apass or shot is greater than the height of rim 44, then furtherconsideration is carried out by processor 48, 348.

According to one example implementation, processor 48, 348, under thedirection of determination module 162, 362 compares the accelerationattributes over time (over the entire cycle of the basketball shot orover a particular predefined time period of a shot, such as when theball is passing through net 46) or the pattern of acceleration values ofa particular shot to the signatures 460 to identify whether theparticular shot is a made basket or a missed basket. In oneimplementation, the acceleration values of signatures 460 are taken fromwhen basketball 22 is passing through net 46 (as determined from andtriggered by sensed acceleration values indicating when basketball 22 ispassing through net 46). Because such attributes indicate whether abasket is a made basket or missed basket independent of other attributesuch as launch coordinates LCOOR, signatures 460 may omit suchextraneous attributes. In one implementation, the acceleration valuesare taken during a time period when basketball 22 is passing through net46, wherein the resistance R of net 46 impacts the acceleration patternsof ball 22. In one implementation, the acceleration values are takenduring a time period when basketball 22 is passing through a lower halfof net 46, after sideways trajectory of basketball 22 has been absorbedby net 46 and basketball 22 is falling along a more vertical pathencountering vertical resistance from a lower, constricted portion ofnet 46. In one example, if the particular set of acceleration attributesover time does not sufficiently match any of the acceleration values oracceleration patterns Pt0-Ptn, the shot is identified as a missedbasket.

As shown by FIG. 6, in addition to identifying a result R: a made basketor a missed basket, signatures 460 may additionally associate theacceleration patterns Pt0-Ptn with a particular type of made shot: aswish shot, a bank shot, a bank plus rim shot or a rim shot. A swishshot is a shot in which the trajectory or path of basketball 22 is notimpacted or affected by backboard 42 or rim 44 such as when ball 22passes within rim 44 without substantially contacting rim 44. A bankshot is a shot in which basketball 22 bounces off of or impacts thefront face of backboard 42 prior to passing through net 46. A bank plusrim shot is a shot in which basketball 22 impacts against a front ofbackboard 42 and further bounces off or against one or more portions ofrim 44 part of falling through net 46. A rim shot is a shot in whichbasketball 22 is not impact backboard 42, but impacts or bounces off ofrim 44 one or more times prior to falling through net 46. Other shotcombinations are also contemplated, such as, for example, backboard,rim, backboard and in, and rim, rim, rim and in.

Because signatures 460 further specifically indicate the type of madebasket for each set of shot attributes, basketball sensing system 20,220, 320 may further indicate to the player what percentage of his orher shots for a particular location were swish shots, bank shots, bankand rim shots or rim shots. As a result, the player may evaluate notonly whether a particular shot was a made basket or missed basket, butevaluate how close the shot was to being a pure shot (a swish) versus amissed shot. A made shot that impacts the backboard 42 or bouncesmultiple times off of rim 44 prior to falling through net 46 is a lessdesirable shot as it is closer to being a missed shot (bouncing sidewaysoff the rim rather than through the rim). As a result, even made shotsmay be improved upon. In one implementation, basketball sensing systems20, 220, 320 may analyze differences between shot attributes of madeswish shots versus made bank or rim shots from a particular location toidentify those shot attributes that resulted in a swish shot than a bankor a rim shot. In one implementation, basketball sensing systems 20,220, 320 may output recommendations or suggestions for improving shotmechanics for made shots.

FIG. 7 illustrates made shot signatures 560, another exampleimplementation of made shot signatures 160, 260 for use in determiningwhether a particular basketball shot is a made basket or a missedbasket. As shown by FIG. 7, in the example illustrated, made shotsignatures 560 further facilitates the identification of a type of themade shot, whether it be a swish, bank, bank plus rim or rim shot. Inthe example illustrated, made shot signatures 560 comprises a lookuptable of predetermined signature characteristics of a made basket. Madeshot signatures 560 comprises a table of shot attributes for each ofmultiple shots (0-n) which were made baskets. In the exampleillustrated, for each made shot, signatures 560 lists values orattributes for acceleration over time A(t), spin axis (spin angle), spinrate, launch direction LD, launch coordinates LCOOR, launch angle, oneor more backboard vibrations VBB and one or more rim vibrations VR. Inone implementation, each of such attributes is provided for an entirecycle of a shot from launch to the ball completing its passage throughnet 46. In another implementation, each as such attributes are providedfor one or more discrete portions of a shots cycle. In the exampleillustrated, signature 560 lists raw sensed data of basketball 22 ineach of the three axes X, Y and Z as a function of time. In otherimplementations, signatures 560 may identify such sensed attributes overtime in other formats or with derivations of raw sensed data.

In one implementation, made shot signatures 160, 260 further comprisesignal traces over time of made basketball shots and missed basketballshots from various locations on the court or with respect to the hoop.To determine whether a shot attempt is a made basket or a missed basket,processor 48, 348, under the direction of determination module 162, 362compares the traces resulting from the signals received from sensors 28to the stored traces of signatures 160, 260. By identifying thesignature trace that best matches the pattern or trace of signalsreceived during a basketball shot attempt, system 20 determines whetherthe shot attempt resulted in a made basket or a missed shot.

FIG. 7A illustrates an example basketball shot acceleration tracesignature 568 of a missed basketball shot generated based upon signalsreceived from basketball 22. In the example illustrated, the initialspikes 570 result from acceleration of the basketball during itsrelease. The spike 572 results from acceleration of the ball impactingthe rim 44. The next subsequent spike 574 results from the basketballimpacting the floor. Note that spikes 572 and 574 have no interveningspikes which would otherwise result from the ball being caught by thenet if the shot attempt was successful.

FIG. 7B illustrates an example basketball shot acceleration tracesignature 578 of another missed basketball shot generated based uponsignals received from basketball 22. In the example illustrated, theinitial spikes 580, similar in appearance to spikes 570, correspond toacceleration of the basketball during its release during a shot. Spikes582A, 582B and 582C correspond to and result from the basketballimpacting the rim or going around the rim multiple times. The spike 584corresponds to and results from the basketball impacting the floor. Onceagain, note that spikes 582C and 584 have no intervening spikecorresponding to the ball being caught by the net if the shot attemptwas successful.

FIG. 7C illustrates an example basketball shot acceleration tracesignature 588 generated from signals received from basketball 22 duringa made basketball shot. In the example illustrated, the initial spikes590, similar in appearance to spikes 570, correspond to acceleration ofthe basketball during its release during a shot. Spike 592 correspondsto and results from the basketball impacting the rim. The spike 594corresponds to or results from the basketball impacting the floor.Intervening spikes 596A, 596B correspond to and result from thebasketball being caught by the net, indicating a basketball shot. Aftereach shot attempt, determination module 162, 362 compares theacceleration trace resulting from the shot attempt to basketball shotacceleration trace signatures of shot signatures 160, 260 to find theclosest matching acceleration trace and to determine whether the justcompleted shot attempt was a made basket or a missed basket.

In implementations where the basketball shot acceleration tracesignatures, such as those shown in FIG. 7A-7C, include impact of thebasketball with the floor (spikes 574, 584 and 594), the user of system20 is instructed to allow the basketball to hit the floor after eachshot attempt. In other implementations, other traces or shot signaturesmay be utilized which do not require that the basketball be allowed toimpact the floor after a shot. In some implementations, determinationmodule 162, 362 may utilize both trace comparisons as well asparameter/attribute comparisons (such as the attribute tables describedabove with respect to signatures 460, 560) to more accurately determinewhether a basketball shot attempt has resulted in a made basketballshot.

In one implementation, processor 48, following instructions contained inmemory 52, continuously updates and validates made shot signatures 160,260, 460, 560 and/or the traces while in use. In effect, processor 48and instructions in memory 52 form a neural network by which system 20continually learns and improves upon its make-miss detection accuracy.For example, system 20 is initially provided with a starting or defaultdatabase of signatures for use in determining whether a shot is a madebasket or a missed basket. However, such pre-formulated or standardizedsignatures for shot attempts, provided by the basketball or applicationprovider, may not take into account unique or particular characteristicsof the hoop, the shooting style of the user or the inflationcharacteristics of the ball. For example, a rim may be “soft” or rigid.A particular net may catch the ball differently producing slightlydifferent signals. The rim in a person's backyard or on a playground maynot be exactly at a regulation height or angle. To address suchirregularities, in one implementation, after each shot attempt, system20 outputs an initial determination of whether a shot attempt resultedin a made basket. System 20 further prompts or requests the user toprovide feedback regarding the results of the shot through an inputdevice, such as a touchscreen, keypad, keyboard or microphone. Usingfeedback received from the person shooting the basketball or anotherperson, system 20 confirms the prior determination or corrects the priordetermination. As a result, system 20 calibrates and customizes thepre-provided standardized signatures to the unique characteristics ofthe user's shooting style, the particular characteristics of the hoopbeing used or other factors.

In one implementation, the user of system 20 may “teach” system 20 andassist system 20 in building a database of make-miss signatures bytaking different shots from different locations. During such shots,system 20 senses various attributes of the shot or of the basketball.Following the shot, the user may input to system 20 an indication ofwhether the shot was a made basket or a missed basket. In someimplementations, the user may input to system 20 additional detailsregarding the shot such as whether the shot impacted the rim and/orimpacted the backboard. Utilizing such input information received fromthe user or from multiple users with respect to multiple shots overtime, system 20 compares the received signals from basketball 22 to thefeedback from the user to recognize signal patterns, amplitudes or othersignal characteristics corresponding to the basketball impacting therim, the basketball impacting the backboard and the basketball passingthrough or being caught by the net. As a result, system 20 builds itsown database of made and missed shot signatures for subsequent use indetermining made shots and miss shots without such user feedback.

In one implementation, the user is prompted or instructed to build suchshot signature database by taking multiple shots from various locationsand speaking or yelling the results of the shot. For example, the user,just prior shooting the ball, may say “shot” which is received by amicrophone and recognize my speech recognition software such that dataacquisition device 40 polls or receives information from basketball 22.After completion of the shot, the user is instructed to yell or sayeither “make” or “miss”, wherein such spoken words are captured by themicrophone and recognized or discerned by speech recognition software.The received and discerned words “make” or “miss” trigger the processor48 to identify the end of the shot, to store the signals pertaining tothe just completed shot and to identify the shot as either a made shotor a missed shot. In one implementation, the user may additionallyverbalize additional details or feedback to system 24 a shot beingsensed such as an approximate distance from the hoop, an orientation ofthe location with respect to the front of the rim, whether the shot wasa bank shot, whether the shot was a swish a whether the shot impactedthe rim. Such additional details verbalized by the user are furtherrecognized by speech recognition software, recorded/stored in memory andassigned to the sense shot for later analysis and make-miss “learning”.Through multiple repetitions, system 20 acquires sufficient data todistinguish between made and miss shots based upon different sensecharacteristics of a shot basketball 22.

In another implementation, the user can take a shot and the system 24can indicated on output 44, through an audio message, or through adisplay projected onto a surface such as a garage door, a backboard, acourt surface or a wall, whether the system 24 determined thatparticular shot to be a made shot or a missed shot. If the user uponrecognizing the system's determination recognizes that the determinationof the system 24 was incorrect, the user can instruct the system 24 thatthe opposite result actually occurred on the particular shot. In thismanner, the user does not have to provide feedback on every shot to thesystem 24, but only on those shots where the system's determination wasincorrect. The system 24 is configured to allow for such user input tobe received and to add the result in the made shot signatures, ifappropriate (or a collection of missed shot signatures). In this manner,the accuracy of the system 24 can be efficiently and effectivelyimproved through the collection of sample shots or calibration shots ofthe ball at a particular location (the user's driveway, localplayground, etc.).

In some circumstances, a user may set the rim of the basketball hoop ata lower height than regulation height, such as when the user may lacksufficient strength to shoot a ball to the rim due to the user's size oryouth. In one implementation, system 20 may prompt the user to input theheight of the rim of the basketball, wherein system 20 downloads,retrieves or utilizes appropriate shot signatures for the particulartype of the basketball chosen. In one implementation, the neural networkof system 20 facilitates the creation of a custom shot signaturedatabase, as described above, that is specifically based upon previouslyrecorded shots and the hoop having the user selected rim height. As aresult, system 20 is well-suited for non-regulation hoops or for hoopsthat are adjusted or customized to accommodate younger or smallerplayers.

FIG. 8 schematically illustrates basketball sensing system 620, anotherexample implementation of basketball sensing system 20 shown in FIG. 1.Basketball sensing system 620 comprises basketball 22 (shown anddescribed with respect to basketball sensing system 20 and FIG. 1) andportable electronic device 624. In some implementations, basketballsensing system 620 additionally comprises intermediate facilitators:made shot signature 260, result storage 264, remote processing unit 348and/or shot determination module 362.

Portable electronic device 624 is similar to portable electronic device124 except that portable electronic device 624 is illustrated asspecifically comprising data compressor 629, input 641, networktransceiver 268 and memory 652. Those remaining components of portableelectronic device 624 which correspond to components of portableelectronic device 124, 224 or 324 are numbered similarly.

Data compressor 629 comprises a module to facilitate compression of datafor transmission using network transceiver 268. Data compressor 629 maycomprise a lossy or lossless data compression device. Data compressor629 reduces bandwidth requirements for electronic device 624 whencommunicating sometimes large amounts of shot data (raw, derived orresults) across a network. In some implementations, data compressor 629may be omitted.

Input 641 comprises one or more devices by which a person may enter dataand/or selections or commands to portable electronic device 624. Itshould be understood that each of portable electronic device 124, 224and 324, in some implementations, likewise include input 641. Examplesof input 641 include, but are not limited to, a keyboard, a keypad, atouchpad, a stylus, a microphone and associated speech recognition, amouse and/or a touchscreen. In some implementations, input 641 may beincorporated as part of a display screen serving as output 44, whereinthe display screen is a touch screen. Input 641 facilitates (1) theentry of data, such as data for establishing a basket and courtcoordinate system, data identifying the player and his or her personalinformation or data regarding characteristics of basketball 22, and (2)the entry of commands or selections such as the entry of desiredsettings or options, display formats, thresholds, confirmations and thelike.

Network transceiver 268 is described above with respect to portableelectronic device 224. Network transceiver 268 facilitates communicationacross a network, such as a local area network or a wide area network(Internet). As noted above with respect to basketball sensing systems220 and 320, network transceiver 268 may facilitate remote storage ofmade shot signatures 260, results 264 and/or the determination ofwhether a shot is a made shot or miss shot using a remote processingunit 348 in conjunction with a remote determination module 362. In someimplementations, network transceiver 268 may be omitted.

Memory 652 comprises a non-transient computer-readable medium containingcode configured to direct the processing unit 48 to carry out one ormore operations in the sensing of basketball shots. FIG. 9 illustratesmemory 652 in more detail. As shown by FIG. 9, memory 652 comprisesdetermination module 162, result storage 164 and output module 166described above. Memory 652 further comprises made shot signatures 660,wherein made shot signatures 660 comprises made shot signatures 460,made shot signatures 560 or variations thereof. As shown by FIG. 9,memory 652 further comprises communication module 670, coordinate module672, coordinate storage 674, calibration module 675, comparison module676 and comparison storage 678.

Communication module 670 comprises software code or programming thatprovide direct communication between portable electronic device 624 andbasketball 22 and/or a remote intermediary such as made shot signatures260, result storage 264 and/or processing unit 348 and the associateddetermination module 362 across a network using one or more servers.Communication module 670 directs processor 48 to utilize networktransceiver 268 to acquire any updates of made shot signatures from madeshot signature storage 260, wherein made shot signatures 660 areprovided with updated values. Communication module 670 further directsball transceiver 140 to obtain or acquire sensed shot attributes frombasketball 22, cooperating with signal transmitter 30.

Coordinate module 672 comprises software or code for directingprocessing unit 48 in the establishment of a basket coordinate system orgrid layout. Coordinate module 672 directs processor 48 to provideinstructions for establishing such a coordinate system using one or moreprompts presented on output 44. Coordinate module 672 further instructsprocessor 48 to generate control signals which are transmitted to ball22 through ball transceiver 142 of ball 22 in the establishment of thebasket coordinate system. For example, coordinate module 672 may directprocessor 48 to transmit control signals to basketball 22 to instructbasketball 22 in the RSS timestamp or other triangulation to establish abasket coordinate system. As noted above, in some implementations,coordinate module 672 may instead utilize sensors of portable electronicdevice 624 that correspond to sensors in basketball 22 when determiningthe basket coordination system, wherein the determined basketcoordination system is transmitted to basketball 22 for subsequent usewhen transmitting launch coordinates. The determined basket coordinatesare stored in coordinate storage 674.

Calibration module 675 comprises software or code for directingprocessor 48 in the calibration of basketball sensing system 620 basedupon specific characteristics of the specific basketball being utilized,the specific backboard 42 characteristics, the specific characteristicsof rim 44 and the specific characteristics of net 46. In oneimplementation, calibration module 675 adjusts settings or values inmade shot signatures 660 based upon sensed shot attributes receivedduring made (or missed) calibration shots. In another implementation,calibration module 675 generates or creates at least portions of madeshot signatures 660 based upon sensed shot attributes received duringmade (or missed) calibration shots.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of an example calibration method 700 that maybe carried out by basketball sensing system 620 following instructionsprovided by calibration module 675. As indicated by block or step 702,calibration module 675 directs processor 48 to present one or moreprompts on output 44 for a basketball shot. In one implementation, theprompt requests of a specific type of basket such as one of a swish, abank, a bank and rim or a rim shot. In other implementations, the typeof shot may be random and later entered after the shot is made. Asindicated by step 704, calibration module 675 directs processor 48 toobtain sensed shot attributes from basketball 22 using ball transducer140. Such sensed shot attributes are stored in memory 652 for analysis.

As indicated by step 706, calibration module 675 directs processor 48 topresent a prompt confirming that the calibration shot was a made shot ormade basket. As indicated by step 708, calibration module 675 directsprocessor 48 to present a prompt confirming the type of shot: swish, abank, a bank and rim or a rim shot. For example, even if a person isrequested to make a bank calibration shot, the actual shot may turn outto be a rim shot or a swish, wherein the user would enter, using input641, the actual type of the made shot and wherein the actual type of theshot would be associated with the sensed shot attributes.

As indicated by step 710, based upon one or more such calibration shots,calibration module 675 either generates made shot patterns or signatureswhich are added to made shot storage 660 or adjusts such values in madeshot storage 660. Calibration module 675 enhances accuracy by generatingor adjusting made shot signatures based upon actual environmental,basketball or court conditions. For example, the particular basketballbeing employed may be underinflated or overinflated, impacting made shotsignatures they utilize values for vibrations of the basketball off ofthe backboard 42 or the rim 44. The backboard 42 and/or rim 44 may havedifferent stiffness values, surface roughnesses, resiliencies. By way ofanother example, the particular net 46 of the particular court may bestretched, may be brand-new and more constrictive, or may comprise achain rather than a cloth net. In such circumstances, calibration module675 adjusts the values of made shot signatures 660 which utilize suchbasketball and net interaction attributes (as described above withrespect to the resistance exerted upon the following basketball 22 as abasketball 22 passes through the lower half of net 46), either alone orwith other shot attributes. Still further, the court or playing surfacecan vary from wood, concrete, asphalt, tiled, etc. resulting indifferent characteristics upon impacting the ground after a shot.

Comparison module 676 comprises software code in memory 652 whichdirects processing unit 48 to compare results of one or more basketballshots with corresponding results of other players, with previouslyrecorded results by the same person or player or with personal shootinggoals of the person. In one implementation, the results of other playersor the personal shooting goals of the person which are used forcomparison are stored in comparison storage 678. In one implementation,the results of other players or personal shooting goals of the personmay be retrieved from a remote storage sites such as from the otherplayer's portable electronic device or a generally accessibleintermediary such as a Web server. Once the comparison is made,comparison module 676 directs processor 48 to present the comparisonresults on output 44. As a result, comparison module 676 facilitateschallenges and competitions amongst different players as well asfeedback and motivation for achieving one's personal goals.

In one implementation, comparison storage 678 stores shooting resultsfor elite or celebrity basketball players. For purposes of thisdisclosure, a “celebrity” shall mean a person who has attained notorietyor an elite status for his or her performance in the sport. Examples ofsuch celebrities include college and professional basketball players.Although comparison module 676 may utilize comparison storage 678serving as a celebrity storage for storing user data pertaining totravel of the ball, in other implementations, comparison module 676 mayobtain shooting results or results from a remote location using networktransceiver 268. For example, celebrity ball travel results orcharacteristics may be alternatively provided at a remote server whichmay be accessed across a local or wide area network.

Based upon signals received from sensor 28, comparison module 676directs processor 48 to compare a person's results with that of acelebrity and to output and/or store the comparison results.

In some implementations, comparison module 676 may additionally providecomparisons of one or more selected shot attributes. For example, in oneimplementation, comparison module 676 may not only compare thepercentage of shots made from a particular distance or from a particularlocation on the basketball court (i.e., Three-point range from a side ofthe basket), but may also compare shot attributes such as statisticsregarding the height or arc of such shots, statistics regarding theamount of backspin placed on the ball by players during such shots,statistics regarding the launch angle of shots, statistics regarding thedistribution of made shots between those that are swish shots, thosethat a bank shots and those that impact the rim prior to being made. Inimplementations where the comparison is made with respect to a celebritybasketball player, the user of basketball sensing system 620 maydiscover that a particular professional or college basketball player mayhave a better shot percentage due to the celebrity player having agreater arc or applying backspin within a particular range. Thecomparison results are also stored in comparison storage 678 forsubsequent retrieval for subsequent comparisons.

FIGS. 11-16 illustrate portable electronic device 824, an exampleimplementation of portable electronic device 624 as employed in abasketball sensing system 820 which further comprises one or morebasketballs 22. Portable electronic device 824 comprises processor 48,ball transceiver 140, network transceiver 268, data compression device629, input 641, and memory 652 (illustrated and described above withrespect to portable electronic device 620). In the example illustrated,portable electronic device 824 comprises a single transceiver whichserves as both ball transceiver 140 and network transceiver 268. Inother implementations, portable electronic device 824 may compriseseparate transceivers for communicating with ball 22 and a network.

As shown by FIG. 11, communication module 670 of memory 652 (shown inFIG. 9) directs processor 48 to identify nearby basketballs 22configured to communicate with portable electronic device 824 using balltransceiver 140. The identified basketballs are then presented on output44 and provided with unique identifications (#482 & #58) in the exampleshown. The status for the identified balls is further presented onoutput 44. In the example illustrated, the distance of each of theidentified balls from portable electronic device 824 is indicated andthe current sensed power level or battery charge of each of theidentified balls is presented on output 44. In one implementation,processor 48 transmits status request signals to ball 22 through balltransducer 140, wherein each of the basketballs 22 answers inquirieswith information such as the charge or “ball life” remaining.

As shown by FIG. 12, in response to receiving input through input 641(the touch screen provided by output 44) requesting that the identifiedball be “added”, communication module 670 directs processor 48 toindicate that the selected basketball 22 is “connected” such thatsignals representing sensed shot attributes will be transmitted by theparticular basketball 22 and received by portable electronic device 824of basketball sensing system 820. More than one of the identified ballsmay be connected to portable electronic device 824 and employed as partof basketball sensing system 820, allowing a player to shoot multipleshots with multiple balls at a higher frequency for enhanced practiceefficiency.

As shown by FIGS. 13 and 14, upon one or more of basketballs 22 beingconnected to or synced with portable electronic device 824 and inresponse to an input indicating that shooting is to start (“SHOOT NOW”),shot determination module 162 begin sensing shot attributes receivedfrom the one or more balls 22 using ball transducer 140. In the exampleillustrated, output module 166 depicts a representation of thebasketball court on output 44, the identification of the connectedbasketballs 22 and the current location of the basketballs, includingthe basketball 22 about to be shot. In the example illustrated, outputmodule 166 further displays an elapsed time (using an internal timer ortime of portable electronic device 824) since the beginning of shooting.In one implementation, output module 166 may present a countdown from apredetermined time.

Shot determination module 162 directs processor 48 to identify thebeginning and completion of each shot using the sensed shot attributesand to compare one or more of the sensed shot attributes from each shotwith made shot signatures 660. Based upon this comparison, processor 48identifies or determines whether the individual shot is a made basketand stores the result in result storage 164. As shown by FIGS. 13 and14, the tracked results for those shots during the particular sessionare presented on output 44 by processor 48 following instructionsprovided by output module 166 on output 44. In the example illustrated,output module 166 provides an indication of the total number of shotsthat were attempted by (163) along with a further breakdown of thenumber of shots taken as field-goal shots (131) and the number of shotsattempted as free throws (32). For those shots that are field-goalattempts, output module 166 further presents a breakdown of informationindicating the number of attempts made from various distances (close,midrange, long-range). For each category, upper module 166 indicates thepercentage of made shots. In the example illustrated, output module 166provides a bar graph along with and alphanumeric indication of theshooting percentage. In one implementation, output module 166 mayprovide each of the bars with a distinct color, brightness or frequencyproviding other indications such as whether or not the current shootingpercentage is satisfying the players personal shooting goals, whetherthe current shooting percentage is an improvement over prior resultsfrom prior shooting sessions or based upon a comparison of the shootingresults with a shooting result of a celebrity basketball player.

In the particular example illustrated, determination module 162 furtherdirects processing unit 48 to analyze signals received from basketball22 prior to launch of the particular basketball shot to determinewhether the basketball shot was “from dribble”. For example, by sensingsignals produced by the one or more accelerometers of sensors 28,processor 48 may determine if the ball was dribbled prior to launchingof the particular basketball shot. As shown by FIG. 14, thedetermination of whether the shot was dribbled prior to a shot is storedin results storage 164 and is presented on output 44 by output module166. In the example illustrated, output module 166 provides anindication of whether the shot performance or shot accuracy improved orworsened following dribbling of basketball 22. In the exampleillustrated, output module 166 provides a shooting percentage increaseor decrease that occurred when basketball 22 was dribbled prior to thelaunch of a shot versus when basketball 22 is not dribbled prior to thelaunch of a shot. As noted above, depending upon the selected settingsor modes of operation for basketball sensing system 820 and portableelectronic device 824, output module 166 may present additional oralternative information on output 44, examples including, but notlimited to, the percentage of time or distribution for each type of shot(swish, bank, rim, bank and rim), statistics regarding the spin appliedto basketball 22 overall or for each shot category or distance category,statistics regarding the arc (maximum peak P) applied to basketball 22overall or for each shot category or distance category, launch angle ofthe basketball for each shot category or distance category.

FIG. 15 illustrates an additional output screen or output mode ofbasketball sensing system 820. In the example illustrated, output module166 directs processor 48 to present a graphical representation on output44 of at least a portion of a basketball court and an indication ofshooting percentages at and from different locations on the depictedbasketball court. In the example illustrated, the indications form aheat map 880 (a shot map or shot mapping), wherein the shootingpercentage at different locations on the court is indicated by differentheat intensity colors. In the example illustrated, those regions thathave a greater or higher shooting percentage had a more intense heatindication (red versus yellow or green). As a result, a player mayvisually see what locations of the court he or she has a greatershooting accuracy versus those other areas of the court from which abasket is less likely to be made or for which improvement is needed. Inother implementations, other indications of shooting percentages orother sensed shot attributes may be provided at different locations onthe depicted basketball court. For example, alphanumeric symbols may beprovided at different locations on the depicted basketball court, wherethe alphanumeric symbols indicate one or more of the number of shotsattempted, the number of shots made, the percentage of shots made, thepercentage of shots missed, the average backspin applied to a shot, theaverage or range of shooting height or arc of shots from a particulardistance and the like. In other implementations, colors or differentsymbols or graphics may be used at different locations of the depictedcourt to indicate different shot attributes or shot results.

In the example illustrated, output module 166 records how shotpercentages from different locations on the court change over timeduring a practice or shooting session. As shown by FIG. 15, a person mayinput a pause button, a play button or rewind button when viewing thechanging animation of the shot percentages from different locations ofthe court. In such a manner, a player may visually determine how his orher shooting percentages changed over time during a practice session,indicating that a person's shooting performance may have improved duringthe practice session due to a change in shooting mechanics or focus orindicating that a person shooting performance may have declined due to achange in shooting mechanics, a change in focus or fatigue. Or, ifoutside, a change in ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind,amount of daylight, etc. may affect the performance of the player overtime. In the example illustrated, output module 166 further presents anindication of the total number of shots taken, an indication of numberof shots made, an indication the number of shots missed and anindication of the overall shooting percentage. In the exampleillustrated, and animated bar graph is presented indicating overallshooting percentage, wherein the bar graph has a bar that extends andretracts based upon the ever-changing shooting percentage during theshooting session.

FIG. 16 illustrates basketball sensing system 820 in one mode ofoperation where a player may enter a competition (a virtual tournament)with other players or participants. In the example illustrated,comparison module 676 directs processing unit 48 to obtain shootingresults from other participates in the challenge or competition. In oneimplementation, the other participant shooting results may be obtaineddirectly from the portable electronic devices of the other participants.In another implementation or according to another mode, the otherparticipant shooting results may be obtained through an intermediarysuch as from a Web server, cloud server or the like. For example, theother participants' results may be retrieved from a host server that ishosting the Challenger tournament or from the other participants'personal social webpage (i.e, FACEBOOK page). Upon retrieving suchinformation, output module 166 presents the other participant shootingresults for comparison. In the example illustrated, the challenge is toscore 50 long-range shots (beyond the three-point arc) in the shortestamount of time. In other implementations, various other challenges orcompetitions may be facilitated by basketball sensing system 820. Forexample, shooting games of “horse” or “pig” may be carried out in avirtual manner by participants at different locations on differentbasketball courts.

FIG. 17 illustrates basketball 1310, another example of basketball 22.The basketball 1310 is a generally spheroidal shaped inflatable object.The basketball 1310 is configured to be grasped, dribbled, passed andshot by a player during use. As shown by FIG. 18, basketball 1310comprises bladder 1314 (FIG. 18), windings 1315, cover 1316, andelectronics 1318 (FIG. 17). In some embodiments, the basketball 1310 canalso include one or more logos 1322.

Bladder 1314 comprises an inflatable sphere formed from materials suchas butyl rubber, natural rubber, a combination of butyl and naturalrubber and other elastic materials. In one implementation, bladder 1314is made from 80% butyl rubber and 20% natural rubber. As will bedescribed hereafter, in some implementations, some portions of bladder1314 or windows formed in bladder 1314 may be formed from one or moretransparent or translucent materials. The bladder 1314 can be a formedof a single layer or can be formed of two or more layers.

Windings 1315 comprise a layer of wound reinforcing thread wound aboutor over bladder 1314. In one implementation, prior to the application ofcover 1316, the reinforcing thread may be further coded or covered witha viscous material, such as a latex or adhesive. In one implementation,the reinforcing thread is passed through a viscous adhesive materialprior to being wound about bladder 1314. In one implementation, thethread forming windings 1315 comprises nylon 66. In otherimplementations, the thread are material forming windings 1315 maycomprise other materials. As will be described hereafter, in someimplementations, at least portions of the layer of windings 1315 aretranslucent or transparent. In one implementation, the windings 1315 canbe replaced with a layer of woven or unwoven fabric patches that areplaced about the bladder and attached to each other by an adhesive.

Cover 1316 comprises a layer of elastic material over and about windings1315. In one implementation, cover 1316 comprises a natural rubber, abutyl rubber, a sponge rubber or a combination thereof as described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,681,233. In one implementation, cover 1316 is formed bylaying panels or sheets of material over windings 1315 and by molding orfusing the panels into a continuous integral unitary homogenous layerover windings 1315. In another implementation, cover 1316 formed byinjection molding or other fabrication techniques. As shown by FIG. 18,in one implementation, during the formation of cover 1316 by molding ormelting, the exterior surface of cover 1316 is molded are shaped toinclude valleys 1317 defined by inner edges of cover 1316. In oneimplementation in which cover 1316 also serves as the exterior surfaceof basketball 1310, the valleys 1317 forming cover 316 provide grooves319 (shown in FIG. 17) on the exterior of basketball 310 to facilitategripping. In such an implementation where cover 1316 serves as theexterior surface basketball 310, the exterior service of cover 1316 mayadditionally have molded thereon outwardly projecting pebbles betweenvalleys 1317 and logo 1322. In FIG. 18, the ball can also be referred toas a carcass, and the cover 1316 can be the outer surface of thecarcass.

FIG. 19 is a sectional view of another implementation of basketball1310, wherein basketball 1310 comprises cover 1316′ in lieu of cover1316 and additionally comprises outer cover panel 1320. In theimplementation of basketball 1310 shown in FIG. 19, bladder 1314,windings 1315 and the alternative cover 1316′ serve as a carcass forsupporting the outer cover panel 1320 which provide a majority of theouter surface of basketball 1310 shown in FIG. 17. Cover 1316′ issimilar to cover 1316 except that exterior surface of cover 1316′ can bealternatively shaped or molded to include outwardly or radiallyprojecting walls, ribs or dividers 1321 in place of valleys 1317.Dividers 1321 partition the exterior of cover 1316 into recesses,cavities or channels receiving outer cover panel 1320. In such animplementation where outer cover panel 1320 extend over cover 1316′, theformation of pebbles in cover 1316′ may be omitted. As with cover 1316,portions of cover 1316′ are translucent or transparent in someimplementations. In one implementation, those portions of cover 1316forming one or more of dividers 1321 are transparent or translucent toallow light to pass through dividers 1321 while other portions of cover1316 are opaque or have different light transmissive properties.

Outer cover panel 1320 comprises panels of material secured within thechannels or cavities formed by dividers 1321 along an exterior ofbasketball 1310. In one implementation, cover panel 1320 is formed frommaterials such as leather, synthetic leather, rubber and the like. Inone implementation, the exterior surface of such cover panels 1320includes a pebbled texture. Each cover panel may additionally comprisethe fabric backing coated with an adhesive prior to being secured tocover 1316 which may also be alternatively coated with an adhesive. Insome implementations, at least portions of one or more of cover panel1320 are translucent or transparent.

FIG. 20 is a sectional view of yet another implementation of basketball1310, wherein basketball 1310 is similar to the basketball shown in FIG.19, but additionally comprises outer cover panels 1320 and strips 1325.In the implementation of basketball 1310 shown in FIG. 20, bladder 1314,windings 1315 and cover 1316 serve as a carcass for supporting the outercover panels 1320 and strips 1325 which provide the outer surface ofbasketball 1310 shown in FIG. 18.

Outer cover panels 1320 comprise panels of material secured to cover1316 between valleys 1317 along an exterior of basketball 1310. Oneimplementation, cover panels 1320 are formed from materials such asleather, synthetic leather, rubber and the like. In one implementation,the exterior surface of such cover panels 1320 includes a pebbledtexture. Each cover panel may additionally comprise the fabric backingcoated with an adhesive prior to being secured to cover 1316 which mayalso be alternatively coated with an adhesive. In some implementations,at least portions of one or more of cover panel 1320 are translucent ortransparent.

Strips 1325 comprise elongate bands, tubes, cords or the like securedwithin valleys 1317 and extending upwardly along adjacent opposite sidesof cover panel 1320. The material of strips 1325 has good grip-abilityand relatively high coefficient of friction. One implementation,material of the strips 1325 is chosen to match grip and feel of coverpanels 1320 so that the grooves 1319 of the basketball 1310 do notinclude areas of reduced grip-ability on the surface of basketball 1310.The color of the material of strips 1325 can contrast the color of thecover panel 1320 provide visible evidence of grooves 1319. Oneimplementation, strips 1325 are black. In one implementation, strips1325 comprise urethane-coated microfiber having a thickness of about 1.5mm. In one implementation, the bottom of such strips 1325 is coated withadhesive so as to adhere to cover 1316 (or carcass) during a finalmolding step. In one implementation, the material of strips 1325 istranslucent or transparent.

As shown by FIG. 17, basketball 1310 additionally comprises a valveassembly 1322 secured to an exterior bladder 1314 (shown in FIGS. 18-20)and terminating at an inflation tube 1323 which extends from the valveassembly 1322 through cover 1316 and through cover panels 1320 (ifprovided as seen in FIGS. 19 and 20). The valve assembly 1322 isconfigured to allow air to enter the bladder through use of an inflationneedle (not shown) and, when removed, retain the air within the bladder1314.

Referring to FIG. 17, electronics or circuit electronics 1318 is shownin association with the basketball 310. The electronics 1318 isconfigured to actively transmit one or more electronic signals used toindicate the location, movement, speed, acceleration, deceleration,rotation and/or temperature of the basketball. Alternatively,electronics 1318 can include a passive circuit that allows for thedetection of the location, movement, speed, acceleration, deceleration,rotation and/or temperature of the basketball to be ascertained whensubjected to a magnetic field or other sensing system. The electronic1318 has a weight of less than 1 ounce, and more preferably, a weight ofless than 0.5 ounce.

FIG. 17A schematically illustrates one example of electronics 1318. Asshown by FIG. 17A, in one implementation, electronics 1318 comprises asubstrate 1120, battery 1122, timer 1123, light emitters 1324A, 1324B,1324C (collectively referred to as light emitters 1324), sound emitter1326, motion sensor 1328, pressure sensor 1330, location sensor 1331,gripping sensor 1332, transmitter 1133, and controller 1334. Substrate1120 comprises a chip, platform or panel to support one or more ofbattery 1122, light emitters 1324, sound emitter 1326, light sensors1127, motion sensor 1328, pressure sensor 1330, transmitter 1133 andcontroller 1334. In one implementation, substrate 1120 includes severaldistinct portions which collectively support the aforementionedcomponents. In one implementation, one or more of such components aresupported independent of substrate 1120. For example, in oneimplementation, controller 1334 may be supported by electronics 1318,wherein light emitters 1324 are supported by different structures atdifferent locations within or throughout basketball 1310.

Battery 1122 comprises an energy storage device with supplies electricalpower to one or more of the remaining electronics 1318, such as lightemitters 1124. In one implementation, battery 1122 comprises one or morerechargeable electrical storage devices, such as one or more capacitors,supported by substrate 1120 and in electrical connection with lightemitters 1124, either directly through one or more electrical wires ortraces or through controller 1134. In another implementation, battery1122 may comprise a battery that is not rechargeable. In oneimplementation, battery 1122 comprises a removable disposable batterysupported independent of substrate 1120 and electrically connected toone or more components supported by substrate 1120.

Timer 1123 comprises one or more devices that track the passage of time.In one implementation, timer 1123 comprises timer circuitry whichelectronically or digitally tracks time. Although illustrated as beingsupported by substrate 1120, in other implementations, timer 1123 maycomprise a separate component provided as part of basketball 1310, butin communication with electronics 1318. In one implementation, timer1123 may be manually or automatically synced with other timersassociated with a basketball game, scrimmage, practice or the like. Insome implementations, timer 1123 may serve as the main or sole timer fora basketball game. In some implementations, timer 1123 functions similarto a stopwatch, being started and stopped in response to signalsreceived through transceiver 1133 or in response to sensed inputsreceived through grip sensor 1332. As will be described hereafter,signals from timer 1123 or times indicated by timer 1123 may be used bycontroller 1334 as a basis for adjusting lighting characteristics oflight emitters 1324 or output by sound emitter 1326. In someimplementations, timer 1123 may be omitted.

Light emitters 1324 comprise devices configured to emit visible light orelectromagnetic radiation, wherein the emitted visible light illuminatesportions of basketball 1310. In one implementation, light emitters 1324are supported by substrate 1128 and comprise lighting elements such aslight emitting diodes. In other implementations, light emitters 1324comprise other light emitting elements using other light emittingtechnologies. Although basketball 1310 is illustrated as including threedistinct light emitters 1324, in other implementations, basketball 1310may include a greater or fewer of such light emitters 1324. Althoughillustrated as being supported on support substrate 1120, in otherimplementations, light emitters 1324 may be supported distinct fromsubstrate 1120, such as along an electrical wire, an electrical trace oran electrical string supported elsewhere by basketball 1310.

In the example illustrated, each of light emitters 1324 is configured toemit a different wavelength or different color of visible light. Forexample, in one implementation, light emitter 1324A emits a red light,light emitter 1324B emits a green light and light emitter 1324C emits ablue light. In one implementation, light emitters 1324 generatedifferent colors of light. In another implementation, light emitters1324 generate a white light, wherein each of light emitted from theemitter 1324 includes a different filter such that each light emitter1324 emits a different color of light as a result of the differentfilters. In one implementation, one of light emitters 1324 includes adiffusion covering which diffuses the generated light to illuminate anexpansive area basketball 1310. In one implementation, one of lightemitters 1324 includes a light focusing or concentrating covering whichfocuses the generated light onto a distinct predefined exterior portionof basketball 1310.

In one implementation, one or more of light emitters 1324 mayadditionally be configured to emit light in a controlled fashion. Forexample, light emitters 1324 may emit light in a continuous fashion whenon or in intermittent or flashing fashion when on. In oneimplementation, the frequency of the light emitted by light emitters1324 is fixed, wherein different light emitters 1324 emit light atdifferent frequencies. In one implementation, the frequency of lightemitted by light emitters 1324 is adjustable and is under the control ofcontroller 1334.

In various implementations, selected portions of basketball 1310 areformed from materials to facilitate the transmission of light generatedby the one or more of light emitters 1324. For example, in oneimplementation, light emitters 1324 are supported within a centralportion or interior of basketball 1310, within bladder 1314. In such animplementation, at least portions of bladder 1314 are formed from one ormore materials so as to be translucent or transparent to the lightemitted by light emitters 1324. In one implementation, the entirety ofbladder 1314 or substantially and entirety of bladder 1314 istranslucent or transparent. In another implementation, selected portionsof bladder 1314 are translucent or transparent.

In yet other implementations, one or more of light emitters 1324 areconfigured to emit a display of images or text using light. For example,in one implementation, one or more of light emitters 1324 comprise aliquid crystal display receipt of protected within basketball 1310, butviewable through translucent or transparent portions of basketball 1310.In one implementation, one or more of light emitters 1324 comprise partof an array of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) to provide aflexible display within or near a surface of basketball 1310. In suchimplementations where one or more of light emitters 1324 may display ordirectly present information, graphics and text may be presented onbasketball 1310. Information may be directly communicated instead ofindirectly communicating information through the use of colors,intensities, and pulse frequency and duration. In yet otherimplementations, one or more of light emitters 1324 may comprise otherdisplay technologies.

In such implementations where light emitters 1324 are supported withinan interior basketball 1310 defined by bladder 1314, at least portionsof which are translucent or transparent, portions of windings 1315,cover 1316 (and panels 1320) are also at least partially formed from oneor more translucent or transparent materials. As a result bladder 114,winding 1315, cover 1316 and optional cover panel 1320 allow lightemitted by light emitters 1324 to pass there through. In oneimplementation, the entirety of basketball 1310 is translucent ortransparent.

In another implementation, selected portions of basketball 1310 aretranslucent or transparent. In one implementation, the carcass formed bybladder 1314, winding 1315 and cover 1316 are translucent whileparticular panels 1320 are translucent or transparent and other ofpanels 1320 are not translucent or transparent. In one implementation,the layers of materials along grooves 1319 are translucent ortransparent such that light is only emitted through such grooves 1319 orsuch that the light seen along such grooves 1319 has differentcharacteristics, such as a different color or different brightness, ascompared to light passing through other portions of basketball 1310. Theillumination of individual covers or panel 1321 or grooves 1319 visiblyindicates rotation of basketball 1310.

In another implementation, stylized portions of basketball 1310 aretranslucent or transparent while adjacent portions of basketball 1310are opaque, blocking light. As a result, when light emitters 1324 areemitting light, the stylized portions are emphasized and highlighted. Inthe example illustrated, basketball 1310 includes a stylized portionshown as a logo 1322 of alpha-numeric characters. In one implementation,logo 1322 is translucent or transparent while adjacent portions adjacentto logo 1322 are not translucent or transparent. In otherimplementations, basketball 1310 may be provided with other stylizedportions which are translucent or transparent while surrounding adjacentportions are opaque. Such stylized portions may be in the form of otherlogos, designs, graphics, phrases and the like. In one implementation,portions of basketball 1310 adjacent to logo 1322 may also betranslucent or transparent, wherein those portions of basketball 310adjacent logo 322 have a different degree, level or light transmissivecharacteristic as compared to the surrounding portions. For example,logo 1322 and adjacent portions of basketball 1310 may transmit light todifferent degrees or may change the color or wavelength of the lightdifferently as compared to one another.

In each of the aforementioned implementations, light emitters 1324 mayalternatively be supported external to bladder 1314, between bladder1314 and the exterior of basketball 1310. In such implementations, lightemitters may be supported adjacent or in near vicinity to thoseparticular portions of basketball 1310 which are translucent ortransparent. In some implementations, light emitters 1324 are supporteddirectly along the exterior surface of basketball 1310 or within andinterior portion of basketball 1310, wherein at least portions ofbasketball 1310 outside of the light emitter are translucent ortransparent.

In one implementation, the outermost surface of basketball 1310 (whetherit be cover 1316 as shown in FIG. 18 or cover panels 1320 as shown inFIGS. 19 and 20) is formed therein a depressed or recessed portion 1336in the shape of the stylized portion or logo. In such an implementation,basketball 1310 additionally comprises light emitter 1324D andprotective overlay 1337. Light emitter 1324D comprises a patch orsubstrate, also in the shape of the stylized portion and the shape ofrecessed 1336, that supports a plurality of light emitting points suchas a plurality of light emitting diodes or other individual lightemitters. Light emitter 1324D is secured within recess 1336 and receivespower from battery 1122 under the control of controller 1334. Protectiveoverlay 1337 has the shape corresponding to the stylized shaped recess1336 and is secured within recess 1336 over light emitter 1324D toprotect light emitter 1324D. In other implementations, recessed portion1336, light emitter 1324D and overlay 1337 have different shapes and mayhave shapes different than one another. In some implementations, lightemitter 324D failed to provide a string of lights simply deposited aresecured within recess 1336 without the underlying substrate support.Another implementation, overlay 1337 may be omitted, wherein lightemitter 1324D is coated with a protective layer or is otherwisesufficiently durable to withstand wear during use of basketball 1310.

In some implementations, light emitters 1324 may be supported atdifferent locations in or with respect to basketball 1310. For example,in one implementation, light emitter 1324A is supported along grooves1319, light emitter 1324B is supported within an interior of bladder1314 and light emitter 1324C is supported between bladder 1314 and theexterior of basketball 1310 at a particular region of basketball 1310,such as adjacent to stylized portion 1322. For example, light emitter1324A may comprise a string of light emitters extending along one ormore of grooves 1319. As noted above, the different light emitters mayoutput or emit light in different fashions with respect to one anotherdepending upon location of such light emitters. For example, in oneimplementation, grooves 1319 may be more brightly illuminated ascompared to cover panels 1320 or stylized portion 1322, providingenhanced illumination of basketball 1310 and highlighting rotation ofbasketball 1310. Logo 1322 may be illuminated with a different color ascompared to cover panels 1320 or grooves 1319. In one implementation,one or more of cover panels 1320, grooves 1319 or stylized portion 1322may be illuminated at different frequencies (continuous orintermittent). For example, grooves 319 may be intermittentlyilluminated at a first frequency, cover panels 1320 may beintermittently illuminated at a second different frequency and stylizedportion 1322 may be continuously illuminated. By intermittentlyilluminating a selected portion or portions of basketball 1310 orproviding such portions with a lower level of illumination, batterypower may be conserved. Moreover, by intermittently illuminatingselected portions of basketball 1310 or providing such portions with alower level of illumination as compared to other portions, distractiveimpacts occurring when certain portions of basketball 1310 areilluminated may be avoided or reduced.

Sound emitter 1326 comprises a device, such as a speaker, to emitauditable sounds in response to control signals from controller 1334. Inone implementation, sound emitter 1326 emits beeps. In anotherimplementation, sound emitter 1326 emits speech or words. For example,in one implementation, sound emitter 326 may emit a beep or predefinedseries or pattern of beeps in response to a particular characteristicdetected by either motion sensor 328 or pressure sensor 130, or inresponse to signals received via transceiver 133. In anotherimplementation, sound emitter 1326 may emit words, such as words ofstatus, such as whether the shot was a made shot or a missed shot, anumber indicating a rotational speed of basketball 1310, words ofencouragement such as “nice shot” or words of instruction such as“change grip”, “increase backspin”, or “inflate” in response to acontrol signals from controller 1334 based upon sensed values frommotion sensor 1328, pressure sensor 1130, location sensor 1331, or inresponse to signals received via transceiver 1133. In someimplementations, sound emitter 1326 is omitted from basketball 1310,wherein sounds are not generated or wherein separate and distinct soundemitters outside of basketball 1310 and remote from basketball 1310 areutilized to emit sounds in response to signals transmitted by basketball1310.

Light sensors 1127 comprise one or more light sensors that detectambient lighting with respect to basketball 1310. The detected lightingis transmitted to controller 1334. One implementation, light sensors1127 may be located or supported along the exterior surface ofbasketball 1310. In other implementations, light sensors 1127 may beembedded below external surface of basketball 1310, wherein overlyingportions are transparent or translucent. Ambient lighting conditionsdetected by light sensors 1127 are communicated to controller 334 forcontrolling an on-off-state of light emitters 1324 or for adjusting thebrightness of light provided by light emitters 1324. In someimplementations, light sensors 1127 may be omitted.

Motion sensor 1328 comprises one or more sensors to detect motion ofbasketball 1310. In one implementation, sensor 1328 comprises anaccelerometer, such as a dual axis accelerometer. In one implementation,sensor 1328 comprises a sensor to detect 6 degrees of freedom or motion.Conditions detected by sensor 1328 are transmitted to controller 1334.Signals from motion sensor 1328 may indicate a rotation or spin ofbasketball 1310, its travel arc, arc height and the like.

Pressure sensor 1130 comprises one or more sensors to detect an internalpressure within bladder 1314. One implementation, sensor 1130 comprisesa pneumatic sensor that detects air pressure changes within bladder1314. The sensor 1130 can be used to monitor air pressure within thebladder 1314 and serve to activate the electronic circuit when apressure fluctuation is sensed. In this manner, the sensor 130 can beused as part of the control logic of the electronics 1318 to maximizeavailable battery life of the electronic sensor and/or circuit. Theelectronics 1318 can include shutdown logic that places the electronicsof the electronics 1318 into a standby or sleep mode until thebasketball 310 is put into play. When the basketball 1310 is moved,passed, kicked or punted, the air pressure within the basketball 1310can fluctuate or change. This change in air pressure is sensed by thesensor 1130, which then activates the electronics 1318 and places it inan operating mode. In an alternative example implementation, the sensor1130 can be a piezoelectric sensor

The air pressure sensor 1130 can also be used to indicate the airpressure within the bladder 1314 and therefore the pressure of thebasketball 1310 itself. The signal produced through the sensor 1130 andfrom the electronic chip 1318 can be used to confirm that the airpressure is within a desired range or at a specific desired setting. Forexample, NBA basketballs have a recommended air pressure of 9.5 psi. Ifthe game balls have the pressure sensor 1130, one could use thisinformation to select the most properly inflated basketball. Theelectronic chip 1318 can also include a temperature sensor formonitoring the temperature of the basketball 1310. In someimplementations, pressure sensor 1130 is omitted.

Location sensor 1331 comprises one or more sensors to detect a locationof basketball 1310. In one implementation, location sensor 1331comprises a global positioning system (GPS) sensor/receiver. In anotherimplementation, location sensor 331 may additionally or alternativelycomprise a magnetometer which sensors magnetic fields or polar magneticfields to determine a location or position of basketball 1310, inaccordance with the determined basket coordinate system (describedabove)

In one implementation, the user is instructed to stand at theapproximate distance from a ferromagnetic basketball rim or otherferromagnetic reference structure. The user indicates where he or she islocated or distance from the ferromagnetic reference structure. The useris then instructed to shoot the basket towards the ferromagneticreference structure. The system uses the first location as a referencepoint and the first shot as reference throw (alternatively, the user canalso indicate where the ferromagnetic reference structure is located).With the reference shot, the system knows when it reaches the referencestructure (the magnetometer senses the polar magnetic field, but alsofield from the metallic reference structure). The ferromagneticreference structure creates the equivalent of some noise or alters thepolar magnetic force slightly.

Once the system knows the initial shot position. It knows that the userwas facing the reference structure at a known distance feet away, andthat the user was directly in front of the reference structure. Thelocation and shot are subsequently utilized as a reference. Then, withall subsequent positions for basketball 1310, such references are usedto determine subsequent locations of the basketball. In oneimplementation, subsequent shots are analyzed using 6 degree of freedomsensors (one sensor covers 3 directions of ball movement with respect tothe x, y and z axes, the second sensor is referencing gravitational pullwith respect to the x, y and z axes, and the distance to the ground, andthe magnetometer measures the strength of the magnetic field to knowwhere it is in relation to north) and the magnetometer. In someimplementations, one or more of motion sensor 1328, position sensor1330, or location sensor 1331 are omitted.

Grip sensor 1332 comprises one or more sensors located in or onbasketball 310 to detect manual gripping of basketball 1310. Forexample, in one implementation, grip sensors 1332 comprise pressure,contact other types of sensors on the surface of or within grooves 1318.Such sensors provide electrical signals to electronics 1318 andcontroller 1334 indicating that basketball 1310 is being manuallygripped along grooves 1318 or how grooves 1318 are currently beingcontacted or gripped by a person's hand. In other implementations,gripping sensors 1332 may be omitted.

Transceiver 1133 comprises a device to transmit and receive signals withrespect to a device distinct from basketball 1310. In oneimplementation, transceiver 1133 facilitates communication betweencontroller 1134 and a local or wide area network such as a phone networkor the Internet. In one implementation, transceiver 1133 additionally oralternatively facilitates communication between controller 1134 and aportable electronic device, such as a cell phone, a smart phone, a flashplayer, a personal data assistant, a notebook, a netbook or laptopcomputer or the like. In one implementation, portable electronic device24 may be configured similar to or provided as part of a wristwatch,wrist-top computer, or wristband. Such communication may comprise thetransmission of selections or commands to controller 1334 and basketball1310 or the output of data from basketball 1310 for remote or externalanalysis, storage and visual or graphical representation, such as on oneof portable electronic devices 24, 124, 324, 624 or 824. In oneimplementation, transceiver 1133 may comprise a Bluetooth transceiver.In another implementation, transceiver 1133 may comprise aradiofrequency transceiver. In some implementations, transceiver 1133may be omitted.

Controller 1334 comprises one or more integrated circuits or processingunits to generate control signals directing the operation of lightemitters 1324 and sound emitter 1326 based upon information receivedfrom sensors 1127, 1328, 1330, 1331, 1332 and control or data signalsreceived through transceiver 1133. In one implementation, controller1334 transmits signals from motion sensor 1328 representing sensed shotattributes to portable electronic device 124, 224, 324, 64, 824, whereinthe portable electronic device determines the result of the shot,whether the shot is a made or missed basket as described above.

In another implementation, controller 1334 comprises a shotdetermination module 162 directs processor or processing unit inbasketball 1310 to determine whether the shot is just been completed wasa made basket or a missed basket. In such an implementation, controller1334 utilizes the make/miss determination to control the operation oflight emitters 1324 and sound emitter 1326. In such an implementation,controller 1334 may transmit the make/miss determinations to portableelectronic device 124, 224, 324, 624, 824 are further output on output44 as described above.

In one implementation, controller 1334 generates control signals thatcontrol the emission of light by light emitters 1324. According to afirst mode of operation, controller 1334 actuates light emitters 1324Afrom an off state to an on state in response to control inputs from aperson to illuminate basketball 1310 as desired in lowlight conditions.For example, in response to receiving inputs through grip sensors 1332,controller 1334 may turn on light emitters 1324A. In anotherimplementation, controller 1334 generates control signals for lightemitters 1324A in response to or based upon signals received from lightsensors 1127 to provide overall lighting for basketball 1310. Forexample, in response to receiving signals from light sensor 1127indicating that ambient lighting or environmental lighting has fallenbelow a predefined threshold, controller 1334 may generate controlsignals turning on light emitters 1324A. In some implementations, inresponse to receiving signals from light sensors 1127, controller 1334may actuate light emitters 1324A between one of multiple differentlighting levels. For example, as ambient lighting darkens below each ofa series of thresholds, controller 1334 may generate control signalsincreasing the brightness or intensity of light being emitted by lightemitters 1324A in a stepwise or continuous fashion. This may be achievedby increasing the wattage of the light being emitted or by increasingthe number of light emitting diodes or other lighting elements that areproviding light. Similar adjustments to the brightness or intensity oflight being emitted by any of the light emitters of basketball 1310 maymade by controller 1334 based upon the sensed a detected ambientlighting conditions. As ambient lighting conditions become darker,controller 1334 may generate control signals causing the light emittedby any of the various light emitters of basketball 1310 to be brighter.

In one implementation, controller 1334 generates control signals causinglight emitter 1324A to turn on and emit light in response to signalsfrom motion sensor 1328 indicating motion of basketball 310 satisfying apredefined criteria or threshold. For example, in one implementation,controller 1334 generates control signals causing light emitter 1324A(or additional light emitters 1324) to begin to emit light during abasketball shot or free-throw when basketball 1310 is rotating about itsaxis above a predefined minimum velocity or backspin.

In one implementation, controller 1334 first determines whetherbasketball 1310 is being shot, such as during a field goal attempt orduring a free-throw, versus when basketball 1310 is merely beingdribbled or passed. In one implementation, controller 1334 determineswhether travel of a ball is a shot or such travel is merely the ballbeing dribbled or being passed based upon whether the ball is travelingto a parabolic path having an arc that satisfies a predefined threshold.In another implementation, controller 1334 determines whether travel ofa ball is a shot or whether such travel is merely the result of ballbeing dribbled or being passed, based upon a maximum height of the balltravel. For example, controller 1334 may identify travel of the ball asa shot of the ball if controller 1334 receives signals from motionsensor 1328 or location sensor 1331 indicating that the ball is above aheight of the basketball rim or has a trajectory estimated by controller1334 to achieve a height above the basketball rim.

Once controller 1334 has determined that the travel of the ball is ashot, versus a dribble or pass, controller 1334 utilizes additionalsignals from motion sensor 1328 to determine a rotational velocityand/or backspin of basketball 1310. When the rotational velocity orbackspin of basketball 1310 falls below the predefined threshold,controller 334 terminates emission of light by light emitter 1324A. Forexample, in one implementation, controller 334 may generate controlsignals causing light emitter 1324A to emit light when the detectedbackspin from motion sensor 1328 is greater than five RPMs.

In one implementation, controller 1334 adjusts the non-zero emission oflight by light emitter 1324A dependent upon signals from motion sensor1328. For example, controller 1334 may generate control signals causinglight emitter 1324A to increase an intensity of light being emitted asthe speed of backspin increases. This light intensity adjustment may bemade in a continuous ramped fashion or may be made in a stepwise fashionas predefined thresholds are satisfied.

In yet another implementation, controller 1334 adjusts the frequency orduration of pulses of light emitted by light emitter 1324A (and/or otherlight emitters 1324) dependent upon the sensed motion of basketball1310. For example, controller 1334 may generate control signals causinglight emitter 1324A to emit light pulses having a frequency or durationupon a predefined minimum rotational velocity being detected. In such animplementation, controller 1334 may further generate control signalscausing the intensity and/or duration of the light pulses to beincreased as the rotational velocity or backspin of basketball 1310increases.

In one implementation, controller 1334 generates control signalsadjusting both the pulse frequency/duration and the light brightness orintensity to indicate different detected characteristics. For example,in one implementation, controller 1334 may adjust or control thefrequency/duration of the pulses based upon rotational velocity and thebrightness or intensity of such pulses based upon a detected arc orparabolic path of basketball 1310. In other implementations, controller1334 may adjust or control the frequency/duration of pulses based uponthe detected arc of basketball 1310 and the brightness or intensity ofsuch pulses based upon rotational velocity or backspin.

In yet another implementation, controller 1334 generates control signalscontrolling a color of light being emitted by light emitters 1324 basedupon detected motion of basketball 1310. For example, controller 1334may cause light emitters 1324 to emit a first color of light upon apredefined threshold for rotational velocity or backspin being satisfiedand may cause light emitters 1324 to emit different colors of light asdifferent rotational velocity or backspin thresholds are satisfied.Similarly, in another implementation, controller 1334 may cause lightemitters 1124 to emit a first color of light upon a predefined thresholdfor arc being satisfied and may cause light emitters 1324 to emitdifferent colors of light as different arc thresholds are satisfied orexceeded. In some implementations, each of light intensity/brightness,pulse duration/frequency and light color may be controlled and adjustedto indicate when each of different predefined motion thresholds(velocity, arc of travel and the like) are being satisfied.

In one implementation, controller 1334 generates control signals causinglight emitter 1324B to differently emit light based upon signalsreceived from pressure sensor 1130. For example, in response toreceiving signals from pressure sensor 1130 indicating the internalpressure within bladder 1314, controller 1334 may generate controlsignals causing light emitter 1324B to emit different colors of lightdependent upon inflation level of bladder 1314. Controller 1334 maycause light emitter 324B to emit a red light when basketball 1310 has apressure below a predefined minimum to indicate basketball 1310 beingunderinflated. Similarly, controller 334 may cause light emitter 324B toemit a green light when basketball 1310 other pressure above thepredefined minimum to indicate basketball 1310 being appropriatelyinflated. In a similar fashion, controller 1334 may alternativelycontrol light intensity or pulse/duration characteristics to indicateinflation levels for bladder 1314 and basketball 1310.

In one implementation, controller 1334 generates control signals causinglight emitter 1324C to differently emit light based upon a detectivepositioning of basketball 1310, based at least partially upon signalsreceived from location sensor 1331. For example, controller 1334 maygenerate control signals adjusting an on-off state, a light brightness,a color or a pulse frequency/duration dependent upon the momentarypositioning of basketball 1310 (horizontal distance or height) ortraveling velocity of basketball 1310. In one implementation, controller1134 generates control signals causing light emitter 1324C to turn onand emit light for a predefined period of time when signals fromlocation sensor 1331 indicate that basketball 1310 has satisfied apredetermined location threshold, such as when basketball 1310 haspassed through the rim/hoop. In another implementation, controller 1134generates control signals causing the light emitted by light emitter1124C to change in brightness, color or pulse frequency/duration, for apredetermined time period, after such location thresholds have beensatisfied. For example, based upon signals received from motion sensor1328 and motion of basketball 1310, controller 1334 may determine theinitiation of a shot. If controller 1334 further receives signals fromlocation sensor 1331 (and a determination by determination module 162and/or 362, which is part of controller 1334) indicating that basketball310 has traveled through the hoop or rim, controller 1334 may generatecontrol signals causing basketball 1310 (or portions of basketball 1310)to change from a darkened to an illuminated state, to change from acontinuous illumination to a flashing illumination, to change from afirst color to a second color or to change from a first brightness to asecond brightness, or combinations thereof.

In yet other implementations, controller 1334 may include an internaltimer or may receive signals from transducer 1133 indicating timeperiods associated with the game being played. Based upon such signals,controller 1334 generates control signals adjusting illuminationprovided by one or more of light emitters 1324. For example, in oneimplementation, controller 334 generates control signals adjustingillumination provided by light emitter 1324B based upon shot clocktiming. For example, controller 1334 may change the color of light beingan emitted from one or more portions of basketball 1310 as an end of ashot clock period is approaching. In another implementation, controller1334 may adjust a frequency or duration a light pulses being emitted bybasketball 1310 as an end of a shot clock time period approaches.Similar adjustments may be made by controller 1334 based upon timeallotments for inbounding a basketball or based upon approaching end ofa quarter or half. In yet other implementations, controller 1334 mayadditionally or alternatively generate control signals making lightadjustments that indicate the actual end of a time period, such as theend of a shot clock time period or the end of a quarter or half. In suchan implementation, basketball 1310 may be utilized to provide shot clocktiming, ball possession limitations or game timing for informalbasketball games at playgrounds or other basketball court facilitieswhere shot clock or game clocks may not be available. In such animplementation, controller 1334 may receive inputs through transceiver1133 or through contact sensors on ball 1310 establishing a custom shotclock time period or game.

In some implementations, controller 1134 may adjust lightingcharacteristics of basketball 1310 based upon a comparison of detectedmotion or travel of basketball 1310 (as determined using signals frommotion sensor 1328, pressure sensor 1330 and location sensor 1331) orshot accuracy or results (described above) with stored or obtained balltravel results achieved by a celebrity. Although controller 1334 mayinclude a memory serving as a celebrity storage for storing user datapertaining to travel of the ball, in other implementations, controller1334 may obtain celebrity ball travel characteristics or results from aremote location using transceiver 1133. For example, celebrity balltravel results are characteristics may be alternatively provided at aremote server which may be accessed across a local or wide area network.

Based upon signals received from one or more of motion sensor 1328,pressure sensor 1330 and location sensor 1331, compares a person'sresults with that of a celebrity and adjust lighting characteristics ofbasketball 1310 accordingly. For example, in one implementation,controller 1334 may compare detected parameters or characteristics of auser's backspin and/or arc of a basketball with a celebrity's shot ofthe basketball. For example, controller 334 may compare of a user'sbasketball shot with the basketball shot by a popular basketballcelebrity such as Lebron James of the Miami Heat or former playerMichael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls. Based upon this comparison,controller 1334 generates control signals causing one or more lightingcharacteristics of basketball 1310 to be adjusted. For example, if aparticular basketball shot by user has characteristics that satisfypredefined thresholds typical of a celebrity college or professionalbasketball player, controller 1334 may change the color of light beingemitted by basketball 310 during the basketball shot and/or for apredetermined period of time following the basketball shot, providing auser with a reward or complement and encouragement. In such animplementation, controller 334 and the light being emitted by basketball1310 provide a user with a motivational tool by allowing the user tovisually determine or see how his or her individual parameterspertaining to travel of the basketball compare to the same individualparameters of a celebrity having above-average skills in the sport.Similar implementations may be made with respect to other aspects suchas free throws.

In some implementations, controller 1334 stores and keeps track ofresults, wherein controller 1334 adjusts lighting characteristics ofbasketball 1310 as different predetermined thresholds or milestones aremet. For example, in one implementation, controller 1334 tracksfree-throw makes versus attempts, wherein controller 1334 generatesdifferent control signals causing basketball 1310 to emit a differentcharacteristic light (such as a different color, frequency, brightnessetc.) based upon the current free-throw percentage of a person usingbasketball 1310. For example, when a player achieves a free-throwpercentage of at least 50%, controller 1334 generates control signalscausing a first color light to be emitted by basketball 1310 and whenthe player achieves a second greater free-throw percentage of say, atleast, 60%, controller 334 generates control signals causing a seconddifferent color light to be emitted by basketball 1310. If a player'sfree-throw percentage falls below a predefined threshold, controller1334 generate control signals once again changing the color of lightemitted by basketball 1310. In such an implementation, the color, pulsefrequency, brightness etc. of basketball 1310 provides the player with avisual motivational tool. In some implementations, the visible color mayfurther indicate to others, such as a player's coach, the currentfree-throw percentage, offering additional opportunities forencouragement. In addition to tracking free throw percentages,controller 1334 may be configured to track and adjust lightingcharacteristics based upon other statistics such as three point shotpercentage and two point shot/field goal percentages.

In one implementation, transceiver 1133 is configured to read or receiveplayer identification signals, wherein controller 1334 associates andstores data for multiple players in a game or practice. For example, inone implementation, each of multiple players may include a distinctradio frequency identification (RFID) tag. Transceiver 1133 or anotherRFID reading device provided as part of basketball 1310 is configured toread the particular player RFID tag when the particular player iscurrently handling basketball 1310. If the particular player shoots thebasketball, data such as make/miss, backspin, arc and the like, sensedby one or more sensors of basketball 1310, is stored in a memory onelectronics 1318. Such data may be subsequently transmitted bytransceiver 1133 to an external or remote portable electronic device forfurther statistical analysis and visual representation. As a result,basketball 1310 allows individual players in a practice or an informalpickup game to later view their statistics (shot attempts, field-goalpercentage, three-point shots, free-throw percentage, shot mapping) ontheir portable electronic devices, on a website or computer.

In some implementations, basketball 1310 may have dedicated portions ofcover 1312 which are translucent or transparent for outwardlytransmitting light indicative of different sensed parametercharacteristics. For example, in one implementation, basketball 1310 mayhave a translucent or transparent portion dedicated for transmittinglight indicating the current pressure level of bladder 1314 ofbasketball 1310. For example, logo 1322 may be translucent ortransparent so as to transmit light by light emitter 1324E indicating acurrent pressure within bladder 1314, wherein other transparent ortranslucent portions of basketball 1310 do not emit light from lightemitter 1324B indicating pressure, but emit light from other lightemitters 1324 to provide other information. Similarly, other particularportions of the basketball 1310 may be dedicated to present particularpredefined information. For example, in one implementation, grooves 1319may transmit light from a light emitter 1324A indicating rotationalvelocity or spiral efficiency.

In one implementation, controller 1134 additionally controls one or morelight emitters 1324 based upon signals received from grip sensor 1332.In one implementation, in response to receiving signals indicating thatgrooves 1318 are being manually contacted or gripped, controller 1334actuates one or more of sensors 1328, 1330, 1331 from a standby or sleepmode or state to an active state, effectively turning on several thefunctions of basketball 1310. In such an implementation, battery poweris conserved. In one implementation, in response to receiving signalsindicating grooves 1319 are no longer being manually contacted orgripped, controller 1334 initiates or begins countdown of a timercounting down to termination of lighting of one or more of lightemitters 1324. In such an implementation, after prolonged periods ofnonuse or undetected gripping of grooves 1318 or other portions ofbasketball 1310, light emitters 324 are turned off to conserve power.

In yet other implementations, controller 1334 may utilize signalsreceived from grip sensor 1332 for receiving input, commands orselections. For example, grip sensor 1332 may comprise a plurality ofindividual pressure or contact sensors, wherein different combinationsof touches (as detected by pressure or contact) correspond to differentcommands or selections. In one implementation, controller 1334 may offera person with a variety of selectable options or settings such asoptions as to predefined sets of settings based upon a person's currentskill level (beginner, amateur, high school, college, professional),wherein a person may select one of the set of settings by contactinggrooves 1319 in a predefined manner at predefined locations or in apredefined order during a setup phase. In another implementation,controller 1134 may offer a person with a variety of selectable optionsor settings as to how information is communicated (if at all) throughlight emitters 1324 or sound emitter 1326, whether through changes inon-off states, color, duration, pulse frequency or duration, sound andthe like, wherein a person may select one or more of the communicationoptions using an input, such as input 641 on portable electronic device624 in a setup or adjustment phase. In another implementation,controller 1334 may alternatively or additionally offer a person with avariety of selectable officer settings as to what portions of basketball1310 are illuminated or as to what portion of basketball 1310 isassigned to communicating particular information through illumination,wherein a person may select one or more of the basketball portionillumination options by contacting grooves 1319 or logo 1322 in apredefined matter at predefined locations or in a predefined orderduring a setup phase. For example, by contacting logo 1322 in a firstparticular manner during a setup phase, a person may establish a firstsetting wherein grooves 1319 communicate backspin and logo 1322communicates shot clock information through illumination and bycontacting logo 1322 in a second different particular manner during asetup phase, a person may establish a second setting wherein lighting ofgrooves 1319 communicate shot clock information while logo 1322communicates backspin or arc information through illumination. In suchimplementations, once selections or commands are made, controller 1334may generate control signals causing light emitters 1324 or soundemitter 1326 to confirm the selection using illumination or sound.

Transceiver 133 comprises a device to transmit and receive communicationsignals. In one implementation, transceiver 1133 is configured tofacilitate communication between controller 334 and an externalelectronic device. In one implementation, transceiver 1133 is configuredto facilitate communication between controller 1334 and a portableelectronic device, such as a smart phone, cellular phone, personal dataassistant, notebook, tablet computer, laptop computer, display eyewear,an electronic wrist band, a wrist-top computer, flash memory player(IPOD) and the like using radiofrequency (RF) waves, radio waves,Bluetooth, a ZigBee low power digital radio signals, Wi-Fi, near fieldcommunication and the like. In one implementation, controller 1334utilizes transceiver 1133 to communicate with a portable electronicdevice so as to allow a person to receive data or information regardingbasketball 1310 and to further potentially store such information forlater review or analysis. For example, controller 1334 may utilizetransceiver 1133 to communicate information pertaining to motion ofbasketball 310 such as backspin or arc, inflated pressure of bladder1314 of basketball 1310, the success of the free-throw or other shot,allowing correlation between motion of basketball 1310 (such as backspinand/or arc) to success of a shot or free-throw.

In one implementation, controller 1334 further utilizes transceiver 1133to additionally receive commands or settings. For example, in oneimplementation, controller 1334 may offer a person with a variety ofselectable options or settings such as options as to predefined sets ofsettings based upon a person's current skill level (beginner, amateur,high school, college, professional), wherein a person may select one ofthe set of settings using a portable electronic device which is incommunication with controller 1334 using transceiver 1133. Each of thedifferent skill levels may have different thresholds for triggeringlight characteristic adjustments by controller 1334. In anotherimplementation, controller 1334 may offer a person with a variety ofselectable options or settings as to how information is communicated (ifat all) through light emitters 1324 or sound emitter 1326, whetherthrough changes in on-off states, color, duration, pulse frequency orduration, sound and the like, wherein a person may select one or more ofthe communication options by communicating with controller 1334 usingtransceiver 1133 and a portable electronic device or anothercommunication device. In another implementation, controller 1334 mayalternatively or additionally offer a person with a variety ofselectable options are settings as to what portions of basketball 1310are illuminated or as to what portion of basketball 1310 is assigned tocommunicating particular information through illumination, wherein aperson may select one or more of the basketball portion illuminationoptions by communicating to controller 1334 using transceiver 1133. Forexample, a person may establish a first setting wherein grooves 1319communicate backspin and logo 1322 communicates inflation pressurethrough illumination and a second setting wherein grooves 1319communicate backspin while logo 1322 communicates detected arc of ashot/free-throw through illumination. In such implementations, onceselections or commands are made, controller 334 may generate controlsignals causing light emitters 1324 or sound emitter 1326 to confirm theselection using illumination or sound.

In other implementations, in lieu of communicating with external orremote electronic devices in a wireless fashion, transceiver 1133 mayalternatively facilitate communication using contact or induction. Forexample, transceiver 133 and alternatively to indicate using an RFID tagor through an electrical jack or plug. In one implementation, anelectrical contact may be situated along or about inflation port 1322(or a separate independent port), allowing a jack or plug-in to beinserted into port 322 and into contact with the electrical contacts tofacilitate “wired” communication with controller 1334. In otherimplementations, transceiver 1133 may be omitted.

FIG. 21 is a sectional view illustrating a portion of basketball 1410,an example implementation of basketball 1310. Basketball 1410 is similarbasketball 1310 except that basketball 1410 is illustrated asspecifically including bladder 1414 in lieu of bladder 1314 andadditionally comprises chip mounting system 1417. Although notillustrated in FIG. 21, basketball 1410 additionally comprises one ofthe basketball configurations shown in FIGS. 18-20.

Bladder 1414 is similar to bladder 1314 except the bladder 1414comprises a spherical inflatable outer wall 1420 and an internal tubularportion 1422. Internal tubular portion 1422 comprises a flexible tubingextending through an intersecting a center point of basketball 1410 andouter wall 1420. As a result, outer wall 1420 and tubular portion 1422form a donut-like inflatable interior which encircles tubular portion1422. Tubular portion 1342 is sized receive electronic components, suchas circuit electronics 1318 (described above). Tubular portion 1422facilitates insertion of circuit electronics 1318 within basketball 1410after bladder 1414 has been inflated. As a result, in someimplementations, the positioning of circuit electronics 1318 withinbasketball 1410 may be performed after one or more of cover 1316, 1316″and panels 1320 have been formed upon the inflated bladder 1414. As aresult, circuit electronics 1318 may avoid being subjected tosubstantially high temperatures during the forming of cover 1316, 1316″and panels 1320. Because tubular portion 1422 continuously extends froma first side of bladder 1414 to a second opposite side of bladder 1414,circuit electronics 1318 and chip mounting system 1417 may be strongthrough bladder 1414. In other implementations, tubular portion 1422 maycomprise a blind tubular member or a tubular member having one closedoff end, wherein the closed off end is secured in place within bladder1414.

In implementations where circuit electronics 1318 comprises one or moreof light emitters 1324 such that light emitters 1324 are located withintubular portion 1422, those portions of tubular portion 1422 aboutcircuit electronics 1318 or adjacent to the one or more light emitters1324 are translucent or transparent. As a result, light emitted by suchlight emitters 1324 a pass-through tubular portion 1422 and illuminatethe interior bladder 1414, wherein at least portions of wall 1420 ofbladder 1414 are also translucent or transparent. In implementationswhere light emitters 1324 are omitted, tubular portion 1422 may beopaque.

Chip mounting system 1417 mounts and supports electronic component orelectronics 1318 within bladder 1414 and within tubular portion 1422.Chip mounting system 1417 comprises plugs 1426 and flexible member 1428.Plugs 1426 are configured to be inserted and retained in opposite endsof tubular member 1422 proximate an exterior of bladder 1414. Plugs 1426are each connected to an opposite end of flexible member 1428. In theexample illustrated, each of plugs 1426 comprises a hook 1432 aboutwhich flexible member 1428 extends. In other implementations, plugs 1426may be secured to flexible member 1428 in other fashions.

Flexible member 1428 comprises an elongate flexible string, line, band,strap, cable, rope, wire or the like extending between plugs 1426.Flexible member 1428 supports circuit electronics 1318 at a centrallocation within tubular portion 1422. In one implementation, flexiblemember 1428 comprises a resiliently stretchable member, which whentaught, resiliently holds circuit electronics 1318 in place. In otherimplementations, other structures which are not necessarily flexible orresilient may be positioned within tubular portion 1422 to retaincircuit electronics 1318 centrally in place within tubular portion 1422.In some implementations, flexible member 1428 may be omitted, whereincircuit electronics 1318 is positioned within tubular portion 1422 andwherein, upon stretching of tubular portion 1422, tubular portion 1422constricts about and into gripping contact with circuit electronics 1318to retain circuit electronics 1318 in place.

In the example illustrated, chip mounting system 1417 additionallycomprises multi-lead wire 1437. Multi-lead wire 1437 extends from theelectronics 1318, through tubular portion 1422, between tubular portion1422 and plug 1426 and along an exterior of bladder 1414 to lightemitter 1324D and any grip sensors 1132. In one implementation, wirewere 1437 extends along and in contact with exterior surface of bladder1414. In another implementation, wire 1437 extends between any of thevarious layers between bladder 1414 and outer cover 1312 (shown in FIG.17). As shown by FIGS. 17 a and 21, tubular portion 1422 of bladder 1414facilitates location of light emitters 1324 and electronics 1318 at acentral portion within basketball 1410 and facilitates communicationbetween electronics 1318 and light emitter 324D and/or grip sensor 332,external to bladder 1414, without wire 1437 passing through wall ofbladder 1414. As a result, wire 1437 is less likely to impair thestructural integrity of bladder 1414.

FIG. 22 is a sectional view illustrating basketball 1510, anotherexample implementation of basketball 1310. Basketball 1510 is similar tobasketball 1310 except that basketball 1510 is specifically illustratedas having circuit electronics 1318 located external to bladder 1314. Inthe example illustrated, circuit electronics 1318 is supported adjacentto windings 1315 within recesses formed within cover 1316′ and coverpanel 1320. In some implementations, depending upon a thickness of cover1316′ and cover 1318, circuit electronics 1318 may be supported entirelywithin a recess of cover 1316′ or of cover panel 1320. In oneimplementation, circuit electronics 1318 and light emitters 1324 arelocated behind logo 1322. In one implementation, light emitters 1324 mayilluminate an entire region of at least one of panels 1320. In someimplementations, the circuit electronics 1318 shown in FIG. 17 may beadded to basketball 1410 shown in FIG. 21, where basketball 1410comprises two circuits or electronics 1318 or wherein basketball 1410comprises two separate light emitters at different locations, one lightemitter centrally located within tubular portion 1422 and other lightemitter outwardly located between winding 1315 and cover panel 1320.

In one implementation, basketball 1410 is formed by molding recess 1512within cover 1316′ and forming recess 1514 in panel 1320 such thatcircuit electronics 1318 is captured between cover 1316′ (or windings1315 where recess 1512 extends completely through cover 1316′) and coverpanel 1320. In other implementations, circuit electronics 1318 may besecured adjacent to bladder 1414, wherein windings 1315 extend about andover circuit electronics 1318. In yet other implementations, circuitelectronics 1318 and/or light emitters 1324 may be secured at otherlocations.

FIG. 23 is a sectional view illustrating basketball 1610, anotherexample implementation of basketball 1310. Basketball 1610 is similar tobasketball 1310 except that basketball 1510 is specifically illustratedas having circuit electronics 1318 located external to cover 1316 and ishaving a light emitter 1324E within valley 1317 below strip 1325. In theexample illustrated, circuit electronics 1318 is supported adjacent tocover panel 1320 within recesses formed within cover panel 1320. In oneimplementation, circuit electronics 1318 and light emitters 1324 arelocated behind logo 1322 (shown in FIG. 17).

Light emitter 1324E comprises a device to emit light in response tocontrol signals from controller 1334 located on circuit electronics1318. In the example illustrated, light emitter 1324E is located withinvalley 1317 (described above with respect to FIG. 17) below strip 1325so as to illuminate groove 1318. In such an implementation, at leastportions of strip 1325 are translucent or transparent. In oneimplementation, light emitter 1324E (schematically shown) comprises astring of multiple light emitting elements such as a string of lightemitting diodes. Although basketball 1610 is illustrated as includinglight emitter 1324E in a single groove 1318, light emitters may also beprovided in other grooves 1319 of basketball 1610.

In some implementations, basketball 1610 may additionally comprise thecircuit electronics 1318 and chip mounting system 1417 shown anddescribed above with respect to FIG. 21. In such an implementation,light emitters provided on the centrally located circuit electronics1318 within tubular portion 1422 illuminates larger more expansive areaswhile light emitters located within groove 1318 or adjacent to cover1320 may illuminate specific designated portions of basketball 1610.

Although the present disclosure has been described with reference toexample embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize thatchanges may be made in form and detail without departing from the spiritand scope of the claimed subject matter. For example, although differentexample embodiments may have been described as including one or morefeatures providing one or more benefits, it is contemplated that thedescribed features may be interchanged with one another or alternativelybe combined with one another in the described example embodiments or inother alternative embodiments. Because the technology of the presentdisclosure is relatively complex, not all changes in the technology areforeseeable. The present disclosure described with reference to theexample embodiments and set forth in the following claims is manifestlyintended to be as broad as possible. For example, unless specificallyotherwise noted, the claims reciting a single particular element alsoencompass a plurality of such particular elements.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a data acquisitiondevice to obtain at least one attribute of a shot of a basketballtowards a basket, the at least one attribute comprising an accelerationtrace of the basketball as sensed by at least one sensor carried by thebasketball; a processing unit; an output device; and a memory containinginstructions to direct the processing unit to determine whether the shotis a made basket shot or a missed basket shot by comparing theacceleration trace to one or more predetermined signature accelerationtraces of a made basket, and to present on the output device to a personan output based on the determination of whether the shot is a madebasket shot or a missed basket shot, and other information regarding theshot.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the other informationcomprises information from a plurality of shots by the person.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 2, wherein the other information includes a shootingpercentage.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the memory comprisesinstructions for directing the processing unit to present a graphicalrepresentation on the output device, and wherein the graphicalrepresentation comprises a diagram of at least a portion of a basketballcourt and a representation of shooting percentages from differentlocations on the basketball court.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, whereinthe graphical representation further comprises an indication of a numberof shot attempts from different locations on the basketball court. 6.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the graphical representation comprisesa heat map of made and missed shots on the basketball court.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 6, wherein the heat map includes colors that varydepending upon the shooting percentage of the person at the differentlocations on the basketball court.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe memory comprise instructions for directing the processing unit topresent a statistical comparison on the output device indicatingdifferences of at least one of shot release speed, launch angle, shotdirection, and spin for made shots and missed shots.
 9. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the memory comprises instructions for directing theprocessing unit to track shooting percentages, to compare the trackedshooting percentages with corresponding shooting percentages of acelebrity basketball player and to output the comparison on the outputdevice.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the memory comprisesinstructions for directing the processing unit to present at least oneof audio and video of a celebrity basketball player.
 11. The apparatusof claim 10, wherein the at least one audio and video of the celebritybasketball player comprises at least one of training or shootingrecommendations.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the memorycomprise instructions for directing the processing unit to shareshooting results to a social media forum.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the memory comprises instructions for directing the processingunit to track shooting percentages, to compare the tracked shootingpercentages with corresponding shooting percentages of another personand to output the comparison on the output device.
 14. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the data acquisition device, processing unit, thememory and the output device are part of a phone.
 15. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the data acquisition device, processing unit and memoryare part of a basketball.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1 furthercomprising a made shot signature storage containing the one or morepredetermined signature characteristics of the made shot.
 17. Theapparatus of claim 16, wherein the output device is part of a portableelectronic device, and wherein the made shot signature storage is remotefrom the portable electronic device.
 18. The apparatus of claim 16,wherein the made shot signature storage is part of a portable electronicdevice including the output device.
 19. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the processing unit and the memory containing instructions todirect the processing unit to determine whether the shot is a madebasket are remote from the portable electronic device and are incommunication with the portable electronic device across a network. 20.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the memory contains instructions todirect the processor to determine a type of the shot that is a madebasket based upon the at least one attribute of the shot and to storethe determined type of the shot.
 21. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe at least one attribute sensed by the at least one sensor carried bythe basketball or derived from signal output by the at least one sensorcomprises acceleration of the basketball during engagement of thebasketball with at least one of a rim, a net and a backboard and whereinthe instructions direct the processing unit to determine a type of madeshot made shot selected from a group of shots consisting of a swishshot, a bank shot, a bank plus rim shot or a rim shot.
 22. An apparatuscomprising: a data acquisition device to obtain at least one attributeof a shot of a basketball towards a basket, the at least one attributebeing sensed by at least one sensor carried by the basketball or derivedfrom signal output by the at least one sensor; a processing unit; anoutput device; and a memory containing instructions to direct theprocessing unit to determine whether the shot is a made basket shot or amissed basket shot by comparing the at least one attribute of the shotto one or more predetermined signature characteristics of a made basket,and to present on the output device to a person an output based on thedetermination of whether the shot is a made basket shot or a missedbasket shot, and other information regarding the shot, wherein thememory comprises instructions for directing the processing unit topresent a graphical representation on the output device, wherein thegraphical representation comprises a diagram of at least a portion of abasketball court and a representation of shooting percentages fromdifferent locations on the basketball court, and wherein the graphicalrepresentation comprises a heat map of made and missed shots on thebasketball court.